Thursday, August 27, 2020

Threats To Ict System And Organisations Information Technology Essay

Dangers To Ict System And Organizations Information Technology Essay Scanners Various techniques are utilized by individuals to assault frameworks utilizing scanners. Individuals can download scanners from the web so as to examine addresses and get data about TCP ports. Individuals can find IP addresses by mapping utilizing DNS. Programmers utilize this potential strategy guaranteeing what frameworks are dynamic and accessible to hack. Scope of addresses This is a scanner which is straightforward, visual and quick at examining as it looks for a scope of addresses. Profound test so as to uncover basic data of a gadget at that point finishing a profound test is the valuable way in addition, it can likewise be utilized when there is a remote deficiency. Examining a remote framework If there is no encryption can result remote frameworks to be truly helpless. When seeing versatile systems administration, remote passageways should be built up as they can be gotten to when associated with the PC, PDA, or portable. Windows has a component that contains an instrument that can permit you to tap on a system symbol for your remote system association. ARP harming Within the framework these are known as switch based systems that are secure as they make smaller scale sections. In any case, there is as yet an issues of assault in numerous systems. So as to handle this issue, the memory must be observed of many system by checking MAC address as they show up in areas more than once: here is an outline to support your downplaying Default Gateway Casualty Casualty Default Gateway Man in the center Enchantment circle are known to be boot plates that can be downloaded on the web to restart the PC and undercut the working framework. There are some generally excellent enchantment plates for example a definitive boot CD that can resolve issues of infections and Trojans also, drive, equipment and working framework disappointments. So as to maintain a strategic distance from anybody utilizing an enchantment plate it is essential is secret phrase lock the BIOS and furthermore USB sticks, floppy circles and CD/DVDs ought not be utilized as boot gadgets. Key lumberjacks Key lumberjacks are applications that are utilized to record key stroke likewise can be utilized for mouse exercises at that point strikingly sends the data to a document or for some situation that are frequently utilized remote system area. There are extremely hard to follow as they are covered up yet can be discovered utilizing hostile to infection programming application. On the off chance that suspecting there is a danger, run a convention scanner, which works by taking a gander at substance of each datum bundle. Access making harm information or sticking assets Unapproved access to programming can result to harmed information or limiting assets. There are assaults that can get to frameworks without the need of harming in any case, an interruption can generally affect the framework. Infection Attacks in all PC frameworks, infection assaults can happen when maverick code has entered in to the framework. Infections work by concealing themselves in conventional executable code. They can harm the framework by opening and shutting the CD/DVD entryway, trading key reactions or can spread themselves without anyone else recreating and can genuine harm the hard drive. There are infection scanners which will recognize an infection by opening the document and checking the code. Trojans are programs with a shrouded character and appear to look as a program or a document in which it tends to be ordinary or innocuous to your PC. Worms have a procedure of sending using messages from the information of your contact list. Piggybacking, Tunnels and tests Knowledge is required for information for when producing information or caricaturing and that information arrange programming dialects going from; Java, C++ or VB.NET. Programmers can hand make an information parcel all together for an application to be constrained or data parted with by server, lead to an assistance assault or piggyback/burrow in which that occurs into a framework by means of an adequate convention. Phishing and Identity robbery This is an ongoing created technique that permits unapproved to frameworks. Phising works by baiting individuals into indicating their own data in which this is done through social designing for example; when you get messages as far as anyone knows to be from banks saying ISP and so on requesting that you follow this connect to lead you to their site with the end goal for you to change your subtleties in which that can be a HTTPS which that can be in operational. Catastrophic events Natural calamities can happen to numerous frameworks running from power blackout, flood or fire prompting genuine significant harm. Associations have PC frameworks that are explicitly worked to adapt to these arrangement of issues. The catastrophe strategy have a few different ways to execute the accompanying: Remote stockpiling of all information to be done in day by day back up Duplication of basic servers Noxious harm continually there are pernicious harms happening inside and outside to frameworks. Noxious harm can be brought about by outside programmers. The programmers at that point assault the frameworks. There are numerous security methods of forestalling this nonetheless, programmers consistently figure out how to do what they specialize in. Specialized Failure There is consistently specialized disappointment that happens a great deal now at days for example when cut off stockpiles are lost, or terrible web association that can make interruption the entire association. The huge utilization of system innovation for example voice, video and CCTV can prompt a business harm and disturb the security of the framework. Human Errors Human mistakes happen unusually in any case, it happens regularly due numerous things for example being careless, uninformed, or having absence of information. This at that point results to framework disappointment. Clients can neglect to back up information which at that point prompts loss of information is something happens to the framework and so on. Robbery An Organization or people can be harmed intensely in which that can be durable effect because of burglary of information. Robbery happens in the digital sense where that is known as to hack, or genuinely evacuating information by CD/DVDs, memory sticks and so forth. Respectability and culmination of information This is a basic issue uprightness and fulfillment of information as harmed can be caused if there is inaccurate information. Off base information can result to trouble and lawful activity particularly the information in clinical records, police frameworks just as credit reports. You have to have suitable individuals to check the information accurately perhaps of clients or individual subtleties by asking a partner or client to check if right. Physical Security Frameworks can be sheltered with the most recent the most recent enemy of infection and firewall in any case, that is all futile on the off chance that anybody can approach the cut off room and figures out how to get basic information on to a USB memory stay by duplicating the information. In associations there ought to be security includes that should be available; lock and key security, gear identificatyion, CCTV, Detection of interruption and so forth. Lock and Key Security There is a need to make sure about gadgets, for example, PCs by embeddings a latch chain. In structures there are numerous locks and key frameworks that works a framework that is ace/submaster framework. Gear Identification this includes taken properties distinguished for example if a PC from school/school is taken, it very well may be recognized from the checking plainly demonstrating proprietorship and beginning which can prompt indictment. Gear can be distinguished using permanent ink which names the property of the proprietor where it is undetectable and bright touchy ink. CCTV (Closed circuit TV) This includes cameras utilized all day, every day in checking individuals or occasions. There are a few favorable circumstances to its utilization for example, focal focuses that are unified can be checked, a record of every minute of every day occasions are kept up, and finally referencing that CCTV is at present to forestall terrible conduct to happen. Interruption discovery frameworks interruption location are utilized by numerous associations which can recognize human nearness from various perspectives. The work through different ways for example, body heat is detected by aloof infrared, distinguish numerous developments using amplifiers, entryways and windows have circuit breakers for get to and so on. Staff guest distinguishing proof frameworks numerous from little to huge associations have frameworks that can recognize staff or guests so as to forestall obscure individuals to get to. Individuals can be recognized using personality cards in which it is an absolute necessity for everybody in the premises to wear them. Biometrics Biometrics includes the utilization of finger printing to perceive, retinal outputs and voice acknowledgment. Unique finger impression acknowledgment this biometric structure is ordinarily utilized in distinguishing in wrongdoing scenes. Our fingers contain a water arrangement which empowers the discovery on finger printing to work. There are a few scanners that fingerprints by identifying edges in our fingers. Finger printing can likewise work in ID for identifications and visa. Retinal Scans The retina is situated at the back of the eye and it is fundamentally the same as a unique mark as it contains interesting setup. In any case, there is a distinction between them as a unique finger impression can be changed when the skin is evacuated through cuts or consumes while it is inconceivable for the retina to be changed except if somebody endeavors to alter the eye bow which is profoundly improbable. Iris filtering This is another one of a kind recognizable proof eye technique which is the iris. The contrast between the retina is that the iris can be filtered when the beneficiary is wearing glasses or contact focal points. Voice Recognition This type of biometric isn't as a rule ordinarily utilized as voice can change because of different purposes behind example on the off chance that somebody is poorly, focused or has a throat disease that can influence someones voice. Programming and system security Associations all need to have security, strategies to oversee information and innovations so as to battle interruption and superverion of PCs that are organizing to forestall information being harmed or assets being influenced. Encryption includes the transformation text, pictures and media data in to an arrangement. RSA encryption is

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Workplace Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work environment Communication - Essay Example They have imparted their booking about the O-ring’s potential for disappointment yet as the debacle would tell, they couldn't send their message across adequately. The dispatch despite everything initiated prompting the blast of the Shuttle only seconds after the dispatch. It turned out to be evident that the Challenger Disaster was a correspondence issue as detailed by the discoveries of Roger Commission, the body that was framed by President Ronald Reagan to research the blast. The consequence of the examination indicated that the individuals in the phone gathering from Marshal Space Flight Center had distinctive comprehension of the message that the architects were attempting to pass on which is the reason the Shuttle was still propelled regardless of the engineer’s reservation. The Columbia Shuttle flight 107 calamity may have an alternate situation from the Shuttle Challenger yet it despite everything wound up in a fiasco simply like its antecedent. The basic guilty party is again miscommunication. Once more, the specialists had communicated their booking about the froth preceding the Columbia dispatch. Be that as it may, they couldn't convey its message to the best possible specialists adequately so the dispatch was still started finishing off with a similar disaster. Both the terrible accounts of Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia showed me the significance of conveying my message obviously and totally, however I ought to likewise consider if my messages are contacting the target group at an ideal time and opportunity. This story might be amusing however once in a while working with senior residents in the workplace can have comical ramifications. I took a mid year work previously and this is the place my experience occurred. Our supervisor would already be able to be considered as a senior resident yet he is as yet energetic at work. Once, I was approached to compose a report for a month to month meeting which I joyfully obliged. I accumulated every one of my information at the workplace and told my supervisor that I will have it done constantly and will send

Friday, August 21, 2020

Biology Extended Essay Sample - How To Use Them To Your Advantage

Biology Extended Essay Sample - How To Use Them To Your AdvantageBiology Extended Essay samples are great sources of ideas and knowledge for any person looking to add some extra work to their final paper. Many science educators do not have time to write a research paper or even know where to begin. This article is going to explore how you can use Biology Extended Essay samples in order to write your paper properly and with ease.In order to understand biology, you need to know what the biological process is, and how it operates. If you have no background in biology and you want to write a paper on what is happening in the plant world, there are several books that are very helpful. If you are a scientist, you might even consider purchasing an Extramural Biology textbook.These books are helpful in that they have plenty of essay samples. The sample sentences will help you visualize what each one will be about. They will also provide you with clear definitions and make you understand the ideas you are going to be describing.While using these sample essays is a good idea, if you are not sure of what a certain term means, or you do not know how to write an essay, you can always hire a tutor to help you out. This can be a bit expensive, but it is worth it in the end. Remember, it is always a good idea to at least understand the basic concepts that the syllabus outlines, so that you do not make any mistakes.A great way to get started on a Biology Extended Essay sample is to just read a book about the subject matter. You can also go online and get some sample papers written by others. You should read each one carefully, before you copy them, so that you understand how each works and what you should add to them to make them better.Once you have read a book on the topic and gotten a feel for the topic, you can move onto online sources and get some real life examples of the biological process. There are some very informative blogs out there that you can read through. Often, people who are writing are putting up their writings as a form of advertisement.Reading other blogs will allow you to see the examples that other people have used. You can also just get your hands on a Biology Extended Essay sample and start working on it. If you try to come up with new ideas on your own, without a reference, you are not going to come up with as many ideas as you would if you had taken the time to read the samples.It is not difficult to get yourself a book or an online sample. As long as you take the time to go through the steps of researching and finding a resource, you will be able to write your own essay. If you are already familiar with the subject matter and have a decent amount of background information, you can just look for samples and write your essay from scratch. There is nothing wrong with trying this, especially if you have nothing else that you can use.

Monday, May 25, 2020

A Longitudinal Analysis Of Diet Quality Scores - 981 Words

Sà ¡nchez-Villegas, Almudena et al. A Longitudinal Analysis Of Diet Quality Scores And The Risk Of Incident Depression In The SUN Project. BMC Medicine 13.1 (2015): n. pag. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. Recent research has found that depression may be linked to our diets and nutritional intakes through the food we eat. This study compared 3 different diets: the Mediterranean diet, the Pro-vegetarian Dietary Pattern and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 in their research and found that diets with more seeds, nuts, fruits and vegetables seems to be correspondent with a positive mind, where are excessive sugar and processed meat in one’s diet showed more signs of depression. This belief goes hand in hand with Traditional Chinese Medicine where it is believed that what the body takes in not only effects the body but also the mind. Beinfield, Harriet, and Efrem Korngold. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Chinese Medicine: How It Works. Healthy.net. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. Traditional Chinese Medicine has been around for over twenty-three centuries and is based on a very traditional belief of yin and yang, where everything is balanced. In this type of medicine it is believed that illnesses, injuries, pain, etc. are caused by an imbalance of some sort. For diagnoses the outer body reflects the inner body therefore Chinese medicine practitioners will look at certain parts of the outer body to find what is wrong in the inner body. Practitioners also take into consideration ones diet,Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Association Between Intake Of Different Types Of Beverages And Obesity Outcomes1301 Words   |  6 PagesIn this study, we conducted multivariate linear regression analysis to examine the association between intake of different types of beverages and obesity outcomes in children and adults. We found out that, SSB intake in both children and adults had the significant contribution to obesity outcomes. This positive association is consistent with p revious studies reporting a strong positive dose-response relationship between intake of SSB and adiposity among Australian and Danish children (12, 21), andRead MoreCross Sectional Study In Health1273 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine the risk factors of CVD among governmental employees in Bahrain and raise awareness about the importance of developing appropriate preventative policies and measures; to decrease the preventable risky behaviors such as â€Å"tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol† leading to CVD (AL-Nooh et al., 2014). Methods The study was cross sectional and had a total of 1139 participants who worked in a governmental office. Furthermore, cardiac patients and pregnant womenRead MoreThe Frequency of Social and Intellectual Activities Within Young Adults and Their Influences on Cognitive Functioning1759 Words   |  7 Pagesto assess their memory, reasoning, planning and concentration. A self-reported questionnaire will also be administered to measure their social and intellectual engagement. This research is very important as it could provide a better well-being and quality of life for young adults. The knowledge of these associations also helps promote more successful and healthy cognitive ageing. â€Æ' RESEARCH BACKGROUND By 2035, those aged 65 and over are estimated to outnumber those under the age of 16 by almostRead MoreTri-Component Attitude Model1148 Words   |  5 Pages Attitudinal Attitudinal Processing CentralCentral-Route Processing (High-Effort): (High– Object attitudes are based on conscious and elaborate analysis. – Results in strong, easily accessible, and confidently held attitudes. PeripheralPeripheral-Route Processing (Low-Effort): (Low– Object attitudes are not based on an elaborate analysis, rather a low effort assessment. – Consumer attitudes can be more easily changed. Central Processing: Thoughts and Attitudes Cognitive CognitiveRead MoreFast Food Has A High Energy Density And Low Nutrient Profile1554 Words   |  7 Pagesand 94th percentiles indicates overweight, while a percentile equal to or greater than 95th diagnoses obesity. Environmental and behavioral determinants are associated with psychosocial and health complications among children and adolescents; Healthy diet, family-based intervention, and physical activity are methods of prevention and treatment that should be implemented as early as infancy. The risk for childhood obesity begins as early as prenatal exposure, is influenced by parental weight, and continuesRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep On Hemoglobin Glucose Levels Among Children And Teens1287 Words   |  6 Pagesdiabetes earlier. The rate of type II diabetes in the U.S.A increased by 217% in the 0-44 year old age group between 1990 and 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Several factors increase the risk of developing type II diabetes, including diet, exercise, genetics, and sleep. Less knowingly, prolonged lack of sleep severely damages humans’ health. Sleep and one’s circadian rhythm contribute to maintaining blood glucose homeostasis (ACAM). Through this experiment, we will study the effectRead MoreAnalysis Of Leventhal s Model Of Self Regulation1949 Words   |  8 Pagesillness, for instance quality of life. A large study of 1785 adults in primary care found that patients’ illness perceptions could predict self-reported health st atus up to two years after the initial medical consultation (Frostholm et al. 2007). Patients were assessed based on the Illness Perception Questionnaire. Furthermore, baseline illness perceptions formed of a long time frame, severe consequences and pessimistic emotional responses particularly translated to worse quality of life both at 12Read MoreIt has been suggested that one way in which low SES affects health and blood pressure of blacks is2100 Words   |  9 Pagesdisease, while those who consume diets high in trans fat or refined sugars and sugary beverages are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and hypertension (Ver Ploeg et al. 2009). According to several health organizations, including the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (Chobanian et al. 2003) and the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks (ISHIB) (Douglas et al. 2003), diets such as the Dietary ApproachesRead MoreBody Sat isfaction Is Defined As An Individual s Perception Of The Body Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pages However, the changes in puberty may also lead to anxiety associating with different parts of the body (e.g an individual will not feel comfortable about the growth of facial hair or their size of their body parts) (Davies Furnham, 1986). This analysis on individuals’ body satisfaction has become an important area to examine in personality research nowadays. The current study’s concern of body satisfaction is the conceptualization of personality traits, which can be analysed by its relationshipRead MoreSample Lit Review on Hypertension11736 Words   |  47 Pageshypertension and hyperlipidaemia and their relation to risk factors including age, gender, genetics, diet and weight, alcohol, smoking, lack of activity and co-morbidity. It also examines mediating factors including economic factors, stress/personality, medications, lifestyle modifications and complementary therapies including foot reflexology and foot massage. Finally, it reviews outcomes (quality of life) including physiological, psychological and socioeconomic changes. 2.1 Background to the literature

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Design Elements And Principles Of Art - 1173 Words

This simple but intricate piece of art can be found on the walls of the second floor in the CFA. Although the fan is fairly small and often times over looked, when examined, its fine detail gives it character. This paper will address all aspects of design elements and principles. In addition provide information about the artist and how their background influenced the art, and choice of design. Line, Dimension, and Quality The first thing that can be noticed about this piece of art work is the accordion (the span of a fan when completely unfolded). Most hand held fans are known to have the opening with of at the most 180 degrees, with some form of fabric or string holding each leaf (the individual slices of a fan) together. However what made this fan different from other generic fans is that it was folded. This implies that the artist spent time folding the paper back and forth with delicacy and focus. The folds also tell me about dimension. Even though the fan was stretched out it was clear that the fan folded where the creases were. I could tell that the hinges (where two leaves meet) are not very far apart, which means if the fan was to be closed, it would be very thick. Ironically the image painted on the fan, and the fan as a whole has some characteristic that would fall into one of the four categories of shape. The most prominent would be natural and no-objective. The artist clearly communicates the scenery of nature. The scenery illustrated on the fan is a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Seven Principles Of Art1012 Words   |  5 Pagesand understanding of the seven principles of art. â€Å"The principal of art are the guidelines or the organizing factors in the visual arts that help artists to create designs and control how viewers likely react to art images and objects.† The topics that are included in this chapter are unity and variety; proportion; balance; emphasis; pattern and repetition; rhythm and movement. All of these topics demonstrates how they tie in with one another to create a piece of art. To elaborate more on the topicsRead MorePrinciples Of Art : Claude Monet1183 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of art. He tirelessly painted the same series of works, only with minor changes related to the amount of light and the type of weather. In terms of themes, Monet would paint outdoor scenes while bearing in mind the effects of atmosphere, time of day, and season upon color and light. For many of his works, a person will find that Monet experiments with the color spectrum, demonstrating how the shades of the same color affect the human eye. 2. How is this artist employing the Principles of OrganizationRead MoreA Portrait Of Rostam Khan Zand1182 Words   |  5 PagesPersian period. This oil painting represents Sadiq’s art style, and it also affects to royal Qajar portraiture. (http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/arts-of-the-islamic-world-l13223/lot.99.html). This piece of painting original location is Royal Persian Painting, the Qajar Epoch from 1795 to 1925, then it was exhibited at Brooklyn Museum of Art on October 23, 1998 to January 24, 1999, and now it is located in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston in 2015. The piece is oil painting on canvasRead MoreAnalysis of the Painting Great Detonators by Acamonchi830 Words   |  3 PagesContemporary art is the art created in the present time. Today, artists affected by the social context and personal experiences reproduce pieces of art that question or make a point about controversial issues in our society. A great example is the painting created in 2006 called Great Detonators (â€Å"Grandes Detonadores†) by the Mexican artist Acamonchi. The painting is located in the exhibition The Very large Array: San Diego/ Tijuana Artist in the Peter C. Farrell Gallery inside the Museum of ContemporaryRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai1732 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to extend the series to 46 pieces. The original piece was created around 1830 and was published in 1832 by Nishimuraya Yohachi. Within this paper, I will be discussing the analysis of this print while connecting my findings to the elements and principles of design. The lines within this print are dynamic and static. Dynamic lines are lines that flow smoothly, they are appealing to the viewer’s eyes and our eyes automatically follow these lines. The dynamic lines within this print are the curvedRead MoreInterior designers Vision1015 Words   |  5 Pagesgive your views on this sentence: ‘As designers we learn from everything we look at provided that our vision is clear and perceptive.’ Is this vision confined to interior design only, or may it be applied to anything? S. Hayward - February 2012 ï ¿ ¼ A clear and perceptive vision is not in my belief confined to interior design, it can be found in many fields. An experienced and well trained practitioner will need a clear and perceptive vision to manage many situations that require a creative applicationRead MoreMaster Was An Italian Artist858 Words   |  4 Pagesilluminated rule of Saint Benedict in Oxford at the Bodleian Library. He is known as an artist that create figured that are both elegant and emotionally impressive. These kinds of art was made during the Gothic period that marks a transition from medieval to Renaissance. It was the time when churches had religious disputes. Gothic art in Italy transitioned in to the Renaissance. The Gothic period was strongly influenced by the Dominican and Franciscan monks. The Renaissance brought contemporary reality ofRead MoreThe Artist Zaha Mohammad Hadid1065 Words   |  5 Pagesmediums that she used for building are such as Glass, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, GRG (glass reinforced gypsum), and Terrazzo (â€Å"Galaxy Soho,† 2012). Zaha Hadid’s style is organic, contemporary and innovative. She founded an international architecture and design called Zaha Hadid Architects. Their studio is located in 10 Bowling Green Lane, London, United Kingdom. Mainly, designing and architecting unique and spectacular buildings are the major work that she and her employees are working on the daily basicRead MoreArt, Art And Art915 Words   |  4 PagesArt, one of the most important ways for individuals to express their thoughts and feelings about things. Painting is one of the many artistic forms used to communicate the aforementioned. Paintings are often displayed at museums or art galleries in order to allow people to admire them and analyze their meaning. A painting that is displayed at the Albright-Knox art gallery in Buffalo, New York is La Vie Paysanne. French-Russian artist, Marc Chagall, painted La Vie Paysanne in the year 1925. InRead MoreThe Art Of Islamic Art1548 Words   |  7 Pages Islamic art is based upon the themes of unity, logic and order. It is grounded on philosophies of geometry, symbolism and a reflection of the doctrine between the physical and spiritual world. Bourgoin (1868) saw Islamic art as a similarity between geometrical schemes and crystal systems of certain minerals. He believed that Islamic art did not comprise of any ‘natural’ object, but rather it is an arrangement of ‘pure abstract forms’. Furthermore, Bourgoin understood the aesthetic of Islamic

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Instructional Methodology Picture Exchange Communication...

Instructional Methodology Picture Exchange Communication System is one of the most effective strategies to improve communication skills in children with ASD. It involves skills and activities that lead to independence and that involve powerful motivation that drives learning. The skills learned are immediately useful and will continue to be useful in many different settings. PECS is an approach that teaches early communication skills using pictures. The child hands a picture to the adult and hands it to the adult. The adult, in turns, gives the child the item. For example, a child would give a picture of a banana to an adult; the adult would give the child an actual banana. PECS helps a child more easily get what they want instead of crying or acting out their frustrations. As has been shown in children with ASD, material reinforcers are more powerful than social rewards. PECS helps children with ASD learn to approach adults and peers in socially appropriate ways. As the therapy goes on, the child can develop whole sentences. For example, a child could choose a picture symbolizing â€Å"I want† (words are also included) and â€Å"outside† mean that the child wants to go outside. The therapist will model the words and, in many instances, the child will verbally imitate the therapist. As mandated under the Assistive Technology Act of 1998 which is embedded in IDEA, â€Å"assistive technology means any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, off the shelf,Show MoreRelatedHow Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Pecs ) Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesSPA 3472 November 1, 2016 Using Pictures to Communicate There are many different obstacles autism spectrum individuals have to overcome in their daily lives; social insecurities, eye contact, appropriate spatial awareness etc. But in most cases, their biggest hurdle is mostly their communication skills; it’s been shown that communication impairment is at the heart of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and that children with ASD can show a wide range of communication skills as discussed by Agius andRead MoreAction Research for Schools1323 Words   |  5 Pagesunder 1. Action research is based on scientific inquiry; 2. Study or examine a local issue; 3. Action research focuses on problems that are of immediate concern; 4. It involves practical problem solving approach; 5. It is seeking to understand social systems and the process of change within them; 6. Designed and conducted by practitioners; 7. Collect data, analyze, and make decisions; 8. Change practice based on the data; 9. Share with colleagues. Objectives of Action Research †¢ To improve school environmentRead MoreThe Influence of Instructional Facilities on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Sapele Local Government Area of Delta State11042 Words   |  45 Pages Instructional facilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦15 The importance of instructional facilities in teaching and learning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27 Importance of resources availability in secondary schools †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..33 Academic performance concepts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦46 Importance of resources to the concept of academic performances†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....................51 Appraisal of literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.53 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ResearchRead MoreThe Verbal Behaviour ( Vb ) Approach1755 Words   |  8 Pagesreinforce effectiveness/ value) (Lesson 5, ppt, Slide- 8). And therefore utilizes six variables as an integral part of the teaching procedure that include Errorless teaching, Most-to-least Prompts, Variable Ratio of Reinforcement, Mix and Vary instructional Demands, Intersperse Easy and Hard Demands and lastly Fluency , using discrete trail teaching as well as Natural Environment Teaching for carrying out effective and efficient teaching ( Lesson 5, ppt, Slide-15) This chart representation will helpRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching and Audio-Lingual Method3681 Words   |  15 Pages† The Audio-Lingual Method, or the Army Method, is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement—correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback. Historically, CLT has been seen as a response to the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM). Relation between CommunicativeRead MoreDevelopment Of English Language Teaching2725 Words   |  11 Pages Great attention has been paid to the development of English Language Teaching (ELT) in China in the last few decades since English plays an increasingly important role in social, cultural and technical exchanges between China and the rest of the world (Jin Cortazzi, 2002; Wu, 2001; Qin, 1999). 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And opportunities to learnRead MoreConstruction Of A Project Manager Essay2719 Words   |  11 Pagesdraftsmen, engineers, purchasers, estimators and surveyors before development work begins. ïÆ'Ëœ Arranging ahead to anticipate issues on location before they happen, for instance, arranging the conveyance and capacity of gear and materials. ïÆ'Ëœ Building up the system of work and technique for making the project happen. ïÆ'Ëœ Making safety inspections of the site when work is underway and ensuring regulations relating to health, safety and the environment (HSE) are safe. ïÆ'Ëœ Utilizing construction software bundles toRead MoreMission Statement For A Educational Leader7071 Words   |  29 PagesAccording to Tucker and Codding, â€Å" They advocate building a standards-based instructional system, creating a results-oriented culture devoted to continuous improvement, and making the institution and the people in it accountable for reaching the goals set by the standard.† The leader must ensure that the school is safe and orderly allowing the students to focus on their instructional goals. The school must also have open communication with parents. Teaching and learning must include the parents to be successfulRead MoreForeign and Local Related Literature6642 Words   |  27 Pagesit and share it with others. In this context, eLearning is becoming an important tool to support the learning system to achieve its goals. ELearning became hot topic in the 1990’s after the spread of the internet. Although it has a relative short history, it is becoming an important part of learning. The majority of the universities adopted some kinds of eLearning within its learning system. Generally, the internet is new media, it has been spread in 1990’s furthermore, the E-learning is very

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Hypothesis Testing free essay sample

Introduction The data for the first test to be conducted by our group consists of the prices of residential properties in various locations. The locations are Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. The values of the samples are all represented in Canadian Dollars. The data taken are based on the residential property prices on January 8th 2012. Our group will execute a test to determine if there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. Furthermore, if the tests conclude that there is a difference in mean prices, our group will indicate where the prices are higher or lower. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group has chosen to conduct a one way Analysis of Variance F test (one-way ANOVA F-test). A one-way ANOVA F-test is appropriate in this example since it is a hypothesis technique that is used to compare means from three or more populations. Since the data set reflects the mean prices of residential properties in Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal, a one way ANOVA F-test is sufficient. By having at least three samples in the data, our group has eliminated the idea of testing the claim by using different tests, such as a â€Å"two sample T-test†, a â€Å"paired sample T-test† or a â€Å"two sample Z test. † In order for a one way Analysis of Variance F test to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) Each sample must be selected from a normal, or approximately normal, population. (2) The samples must be independent and randomly selected. (3) Each population must have the same variance. Looking at the conditions stated above, all the samples provided by the Toronto Real Estate Board reflect data from that are randomly selected, which are independent of each other. That is, there is no correlation between the sample groups. Our group has constructed three box plots to test the normality of the sample values, one for each location. Similar to a t test, the F test is fairly non-sensitive to slight departure from normality. Since the box plots do not indicate extreme differences from a normal distribution, we can assume that the samples are selected from a normal population. The third condition states that the variances of the sample groups are equal. Therefore, our group will conduct a Levene’s Test for Homogeneity of Variance using SPSS program to test whether the data set satisfies the third assumption. Results from Levene Test Null Hypothesis:? 12 = ? 22 = ? 32 Alternative Hypothesis:? 12, ? 22, ? 32are not all equal *Ho for this instance is the claim, since Ho is a statement of equality ?12 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in Toronto, ? 22 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in San Francisco and ? 32 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in Montreal. (? =0. 05) Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – Oneway DataSet 1\residential sales. sav) found on the first table – Test of Homogeneity of Variances is 0. 549. Since P-value ? ; fail to reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that all the variances of the samples provided are equal is false. All the conditions are therefore satisfied, and our group can proceed with the one way analysis of variance F test. Since all the conditions for a one way analysis of variance are satisfied, then the sampling distribution can now be approximated by the F distribution. Our group can now execute a one way Analysis of Variance F test by using a Post-Hoc Comparison Procedure to test the claim that â€Å"there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. † Null Hypothesis: µ1 =  µ2 =  µ3 Alternative Hypothesis:At least one mean is different. *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µ1 represents the mean residential property price in Toronto.  µ2 represents the mean residential property price in San Francisco, while  µ3 represents the mean residential property price in Montreal. The null hypothesis suggests that there is no difference between the means of the three samples, while the claim in the alternative hypothesis suggests that at least one mean is different. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – One Way DataSet 1\residential sales. sav) found on the second table – ANOVA is 0. 140. Since P-Value ? ; fail to reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal is true. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Part B – Difference in Lot Sizes for Residential Properties in Toronto and Vancouver Introduction The data for the second test to be conducted by our group consists of lot sizes of the residential properties that are up for sale in Toronto and Vancouver. The samples are represented in m2 (metres squared; area of the land in which the residential properties are built on). The data taken are based on the properties that are up for sale as of January 8th 2012. Our group will execute a test to determine if there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for the residential properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver, as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group has chosen to conduct a two sample T-test. A two sample T-test is appropriate in this case because of the attempt in determining the difference between two population means when the population standard deviations are unknown. Furthermore, the data given reflects independent samples. That is, the sample selected from the population in Toronto is not related to the sample from the population in Vancouver. In order for a two sample T-test for difference of means with small independent samples to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) The samples must be randomly selected. (2) The samples must be independent. (3) Each population must have a normal distribution with an unknown standard deviation. Since there is no correlation between the sample groups (Toronto and Vancouver lot sizes), a paired T-test cannot be conducted for this data set. Also, since there are exactly only two means that are being compared in the given case, and not means between three or more populations, a one-way analysis of variances test (one way ANOVA) cannot be used. Looking at the conditions stated above, the samples provided by the Toronto Real Estate Board are randomly selected and independent. By checking the normality in each of the populations, our group constructed two separate box plots for Toronto and Vancouver respectively. There is no significant evidence to conclude that both the populations are not normally distributed since the box plots resemble a normal distribution. Having the conditions satisfied, our group can proceed to execute a two sample T-test for difference of means with small independent samples in testing the claim that â€Å"there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for the residential properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver,† as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. Null Hypothesis: µ1 =  µ2 Alternative Hypothesis: µ1 ?  µ2 *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µ1 represents the mean lot size for the first population, Toronto.  µ2 represents the mean lot size for properties for sale in Vancouver. The alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between the lot sizes for the properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver. Consequently, the null hypothesis represents a statement of equality, that the lot sizes of the properties in Toronto and Vancouver are equal. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 In order to distinguish whether the variances are equal or not equal, which is significant in attempting a two sample T test for difference of means for small independent samples, our group will use the SPSS output from the Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances. Results from Levene Test Null Hypothesis:? 12 = ? 22 Alternative Hypothesis:? 12 ? ?22 *Ho for this instance is the claim, since Ho is a statement of equality ?12 represents the variance for the population of lot sizes of properties for sale in Toronto while ? 22 represents the variance for the population of lot sizes of properties in San Francisco. (? =0. 05) For the purpose of this test, the claim states that the variances of the two populations are equal, as represented by Ho Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\LotSizes. sav) found on the second table table – Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances is 0. 000. Since P-value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that the variances of the two populations are equal is false. For the purpose of the two sample T test, all results will be based on the assumption that variances are not equal. Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\LotSizes. sav) found on the third table – t-test for Equality of Means (Equal Variances not assumed) is 0. 0455. (calculated as 0. 091/2, since it is a two-tailed test) Since P-Value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for residential properties in Toronto and Vancouver is true. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Part C – Difference in Incomes: New York homebuyers vs Toronto homebuyers Introduction The data for the third test to be conducted by our group consists of family incomes in Toronto and New York. The samples are paired by the value of the homes purchased. (For example, the first pair in the data set shows the income of the household in Toronto and New York, whether the home cost $500 000, $200 000 or $750 000, etc. It is of great significance to point out that for each pair, the homes purchased in Toronto are of the same value as the homes purchased in New York. ) The data only reflects the incomes of the homebuyers in which, the values are represented in Canadian Dollars. Our group will execute a test for the purpose of distinguishing whether the incomes of families who had purchased homes in New York was significantly higher than the incomes of families from Toronto who had purchased homes of the same value. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group have chosen to conduct a paired T-test. A t-test is a statistical test that compares the means of two groups of observations. For this instance, the data are classified into the groups: family income in Toronto, and family income in New York. In order for a paired T-test to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) Samples must be randomly selected. (2) Samples must be dependent. (3) Both populations must be normally distributed. Unlike the two sample T-test for small independent samples conducted in the second data set: ‘Part B’, our group have used the paired T-test to account for the correlation between the groups; that the family incomes displayed in the data set are used under the assumption that the same value of the homes purchased are used to gather the sample in Toronto and New York. A one way ANOVA F-test cannot be used for this data set since only two means are being evaluated. A different method of valuation would be used if one of the conditions listed above are not met. For example, if the data set reflects values that are independent of each other, similar to the case in ‘Part B’, then a paired T-test cannot be used. However, in this case, the conditions stated above are met. The samples are randomly selected and as stated before, dependent variables. Assuming that the family incomes are normally distributed, a paired T-test can be used. To check for the assumption of normality in each of the two populations, our group has created a box plot for each of the sample groups. For both of the samples, there appears to be only a slight offset from normality. Therefore, the assumption that these populations are normally distributed can be assumed. Having all three conditions satisfied, our group believes that a paired T-test is the best method of valuation to distinguish, as required by the Toronto Real Estate Board whether the claim that â€Å"the incomes of families who purchased houses in New York are significantly higher than the incomes of families who purchased houses of similar value in Toronto. † Null Hypothesis: µd ? 0 Alternative Hypothesis: µd 0 *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µd represents the mean difference. The mean difference is calculated by subtracting the total  µ of the incomes of homebuyers in Toronto (off the sample) from the total  µ of the incomes of homebuyers in New York (off the sample). In the claim as stated in the alternative hypothesis, the mean difference between the data on New York and Toronto (respectively) is greater than zero. Consequently, the null hypothesis represents the mean difference between the data on New York and Toronto (respectively) is less than or equal to zero. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\incomes. sav) found on the fifth table – Paired Samples Test is 0. 00002. (calculated as 0. 00004/2) Since P-Value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the incomes of families who purchased houses in New York are significantly higher than the incomes of families who purchased houses of similar value in Toronto. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Appendix – A Data Sets Part A – Residential Property Prices, on January 8th 2012 (in Canadian Dollars) Toronto San Francisco Montreal 720001 597114 260976 250025 350000 1141734 531968 693303 150024 391546 350140 157679 253440 397924 150000 251929 684874 1021251 1181788 350000 1123663 1040350 372008 158139 259516 432300 150000 250000 1194071 237032 1299055 350073 153574 279536 920792 150160 250001 935680 150044 257339 1394330 994698 253829 350000 150000 256582 350053 167171 250002 350748 968300 509638 755749 536302 375351 1083741 170861 268679 350056 1192483 250661 365259 303747 250000 399823 497641 1281119 350045 151925 721976 786536 150000 250002 409025 150359 255660 358312 150004 665974 352342 979221 1236283 1225525 150003 250003 790511 299575 609906 350000 159163 Part B – Lot Sizes of Properties for Sale, on January 8th 2012 (in m2) Toronto Vancouver 114 117 262 129 329 120 104 118 285 128 101 159 194 212 112 222 187 114 98 129 100 116 251 197 99 123 333 116 235 137 148 115 211 175 299 118 107 117 106 127 108 104 130 102 147 Part C – Family Income Paired by Purchase Price (in Canadian Dollars) Pair Toronto New York 1 72068 124174 2 70336 68999 3 106144 113291 4 66032 38411 5 68221 75876 6 68241 106390 7 72555 83540 8 107401 131762 9 107633 121399 10 65647 60630 11 73041 100185 12 101180 158397 13 69264 77775 14 120293 127590 15 81531 99192 16 165996 179133 17 105039 123537 18 67512 80347 19 97143 129711 20 71947 92019 21 77992 77580 22 90858 107446 23 142215 203356 24 101219 128540 25 92541 122134 Appendix B – SPSS Data Output The following are printed from the SPSS program. The following tables show results from various tests conducted in an attempt to determine the validity of three separate claims, as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. The tables are arranged in accordance with the order in which the tests were conducted in, with the order being the following: (1) One way ANOVA test, containing a Test of Homogeneity of Variances and Post Hoc Comparison Method – Part A (Residential Property Price – Multiple Comparisons; Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal) (2) T-test for Equality of Means for Independent Samples, containing Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances – Part B (Lot Sizes of Properties for Sale in Toronto and Vancouver) (3) T-test for Paired Samples – Part C (Family Incomes paired by Purchase Price in Toronto and New York) *All SPSS Outputs are located in the pages following.

Tuesday, April 7, 2020

Lizanne de Beer, 2014120162 Essays (445 words) - Womens Rights

Lizanne de Beer, 2014120162 ENGL 3728: SEMINAR - INTERRACIAL ADOPTION Mrs Hanta Henning 14 August 2017 Opinion piece: Does feminism have a place in the world? All types of feminism are concerned with improving the lives of women. All feminists are also committed to analysing women's present position in the world and trying to understand its causes in order to improve it. W ithin this common understanding of the importance of feminist knowledge, there is much room for considerable (and constant) disagreement. Such disagreement is not only about the means through which the position of women is improved, but also about what such improvement would be. In the sixties, feminists began to question various images, representations, ideas and presumptions traditional theories have developed about women and the feminine. To begin with, feminists directed their attention to patriarchal discourses, those which were either openly hostile or aggressive about women, or those which had nothing at all to say about women. Femin ists seemed majorly preoccupied with the inclusion of women in those spheres from which they have been excluded - they were trying to create representations which would enable women to be regarded as men's equals. Issues of direct relevance to women's lives - the family, sexuality, the private' and domestic sphere - were to be included, in some instances for the very first time, as a relevant and worthy object of intellectual and political concern. While problematic and in the long run impossible, the aspiration towards equality between men and women was and is nevertheless politically and historically necessary. Without such attempts, women cannot que stion the inevitability of women's second-class status as citizens, subjects and sexual beings. The aim of feminism and equality serves as a political, and perhaps as an experiential, prerequisite to the more far-reaching struggles directed towards female autonomy - that is, to women's right to political, social, economic and intellectual self-determination. This seems probably the most striking shift in feminist politics since its revival in the 60s. As women are constantly trying to strengthen their identity, their roles become increasingly more flexible. Instead of defining them as narrow, traditional ways, women begin to interpret more broadly roles, bonds with o thers, and expectations. Because of feminists, women no longer feel obligated, as did our ancestors, to undertake certain responsibilities such as marriage or child-bearing. Our freedom rests in our ability to choose the values we designate as the most sacred. Women must honour the values of their new convictions about gender by preventing former restrictive values from reappearing and exercising influence in their lives - and therefore, feminism will always have a place in this world.

Monday, March 9, 2020

What Is Child Development Children And Young People Essay Essays

What Is Child Development Children And Young People Essay Essays What Is Child Development Children And Young People Essay Essay What Is Child Development Children And Young People Essay Essay When a cat and a miss met they have a intent in life which is portion of the rhythm which it starts when they get together sometimes they go by the procedure of society and acquire married other 1s do nt make what the society ask for and have in common in keep traveling with the procedure of the kid development which is the adult females to acquire married and become pregnant. Remember that is sometimes freedoms like everyplace which is non every individual adult female can acquire pregnant there are several adult females that are non capable of being pregnant. Again a adult females does nt acquire pregnant by herself she ever would necessitate the aid of her male spouse why is this ground because adult females merely are able to treat eggs and the spouse needs to set his portion in supplying the antherozoid in order to both become parents. When the adult female is able to acquire her eggs fertilizes and she finds out she is pregnant and advise all their household and closer friend everybody gets so aroused because now they are about to get down the procedure of a kid development. Child development has to make with life style like the state you were turning, besides The terminal of adolescence and the beginning of maturity varies by state and by map, and moreover even within a individual province or civilization or traditions. When the kid is born is called a neonate or babe by everybody and now the new parents have to learn the new babe how to larn to suit into society. The first stairss for the new parents is to learn the babe how to breath and feed her/his ego depending in chest milk or bottle, one time the babe is larning how to make this by itself so is clip to learn them how to get down eating solid nutrient so to creep. all the old erudite procedure is called babe phase so the babe turns into another modus operandi which is turned to name a yearling phase which includes some or all the undermentioned modus operandis when all this modus operandis are learned by the babe now it turns into a yearling which it requires more learning procedure like lavatory preparation so walking, speaking ( how to pass on with other yearlings ) so he/she merely finished the yearling phase so it follows the kid phase which is besides called deep kid development and depending in how the yearling was teach so he woul d be able to handle other kids the same manner she/he was teach. If a yearling learned how to contend so she/he would most likely battle other kids. If he/she was treated with love she/he would handle other kids with love and regard. Then we go to the undermentioned phase which is portion of the same phase but different age which is around 3-4 year old, and so it starts when the school starts and larn more different things like learn how to read and how to bask being around other kids. Then the following phase comes around 10-14 year old and is called pre-adolescence and is when the kid starts to developed more and more non merely how to cover with different issues at school like covering with peer force per unit area and the bully at the school but it start to develop mentally and physically and emotional now they can be distinguish male from female. Now they are more physical differences from each other, girls tends to develop chest and hips instead than male childs are able to de velop chest hair, moustache and face fungus, the kid is more mature and can see their ain alterations and starts to see all the different alterations between males and females and experience attract to each other and it besides larning how to cover with everything around them. At this age they have had learned and have had learn how to cover with all the pre-adolescent life manner. All the kid development has a major impact how they were learn how to cover at this phase. Sometimes parents do nt understand this age and considered they have about complete their occupation but they are incorrect because they are about to back up their kids because this is a really hard age, this when is more force per unit area is and this is why is called the hard old ages because the simple ground they seeking to set from childhood into maturity because they are non kids any longer but at the same clip they are non adults neither so adults handle them like they were kids but they are non kids and som etimes they are treated like kids by their parents but they are non kids neither. All this make the pre-teens and adolescents get confused and do nt cognize how to cover with all this alterations and they think cipher loves them and do nt understanding them. The pre-teens and adolescences are the easy mark to go pregnant and the usage of drugs and alcohol addiction because they think nobody attentions about them but they are besides incorrect because everybody loves them but few people understanding and they are invariably in problem with the jurisprudence and drug dealing. At the same clip they are bullied at school that prefer to be dead that trade with the equal force per unit area and being bullied at school and stoping suicide themselves before they can travel knocking door and happen person able to understand them and acquire aid to their jobs they decide to perpetrate self-destruction. This is besides one of the ground why many adolescents terminals in gaol because they did n t larn or neer were learn how to cover with equal force per unit area and the new demands in society, many adolescents Rebels against parents or other grownups because they neer were learn how to esteem other people around them when they asked for aid with grownup closer friends and relations or merely they merely following a forms from the society around them. If they saw nil but bad behaviour they learned from because cipher teaches them how to hold good positive life styles. Peoples around them neer had clip for them to learn them. Now we have had finished the hard age and turned into an maturity now society requires more from us as grownups, by this clip you should be acquiring ready to complete school and be person of import in life because society requires to hold a good behaviour and bring forth something positive in life for you and you new future household that when you are ready to get down you new procedure of kid development. We all as human been have had passed through at that place once we were babes or striplings but now the kid turned into a mature grownup and are able to run into the demand by society. At this age an grownup is able to manage things otherwise now and grownup have had passed the hard age and now is able to suit into the society and it should be mature adequate how to cover with more emphasis in life because now the grownup has the demand to learn each other how to cover with the procedure and troubles from society now the grownup behaviour is wholly different when he/she were babes and pre-teens and teens. Now an grownup is ready to suit into society and run into their demands and expression for another mate so they can follow the measure of kid development and have its ain household and learn their ain new kids the procedure of kid development but now the difference between their parents and the new household is that now the things needs to travel backwards now at this phase is get d owning the about stoping procedure of the kid development now is an grownup and unrecorded by the society demands and now is clip to run into the society to maintain assisting the kids and acquiring ready to the about stoping procedure of this development now is called aged phase what is this means? It means that an grownup about stoping with the kid procedure, now is about make the procedure of decease, now the grownup is non every bit immature as the adolescent s old ages now is wholly adults and needs to acquire ready to return the procedure of life, now the grownup is non able to make many things like he used to, now is tired for no ground, it does nt hold the same energy it starts to acquire weaker and weaker as the old ages passes through this age and sometimes non able to even feed his ain egos and now he need to acquire everything back what he learn his kids. As older he gets every bit weaker we are and sometimes the grownup is like babes once more, he/she need to hold nap pies changed, besides needs to be fit like babes, even he/she needs person to take him/her a bath, the grownup is a babe once more. You remember when your parents used to make this when you were turning up and you learned from your parents? Well now they need your clip and forbearance like they did when you were a babe. Now, they about to make decease, now they depend on you like you depended on them to learn you how to cover with the kid development your parents likely suffers from dementedness, Alzheimer s disease why is the ground of Al this unwellness? Simply because they encephalon is non the same, now they are aging and get downing to bury things, sometimes they are non even acknowledge you but do nt experience bad it is normal. Now they passed off and they are non with you any longer now is your bend to maintain being portion of your kids development. Albert Martinez 04/11/13

Friday, February 21, 2020

Ethical dilemma essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical dilemma - Essay Example Besides, if we pushed the deadline back, we would run the risk of the client withdrawing from the case because his extremely busy schedule might prevent him from attending to the extra paperwork that would be required if the document was to be notarized. I went home that night and thought it over. I knew that since I had my supervisor’s approval, I wouldn’t be held accountable if anything went wrong. However, I believe that as a financial advisor, I had the fiduciary responsibility to ensure that the clients are aware of all aspects of the investments. Also, in order for me to provide my best services, I always try to imagine myself in the situation that my client is in. I knew that if I were the client, I would be extremely disappointed if I found out that my financial services provider treated me as just â€Å"another filed folder† rather than a valued client who deserved the best service possible. The following day, I asked my supervisor to assign the project to me so that I could amend the complication before the deadline. Though unwillingly, my supervisor agreed. I immediately contacted the client, briefed him about the situation, and apologized that due to the prevailing circumstances, we might not be able to make the deadline that he originally set for us.

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Pursuing a Business Strategy of Offshoring to India Essay

Pursuing a Business Strategy of Offshoring to India - Essay Example Offshoring has been a modern trend in business management. Offshoring is actually outsourcing that crosses national boundaries. It means giving some business functions previously done inside the organization in another country. The organization has to focus on its core competencies and skills and outsource the other important functions to companies located in other countries. The example of Nike is very characteristic. Nike preferred to focus on marketing and product design since these are the sectors that it believes they are its core competencies and outsource production to other countries.There has been a long discussion concerning outsourcing and British Trade Unions and US politicians have been campaigning to stop offshoring. The logic behind their campaigning is that outsourcing contributes to the rise of local unemployment rates.On the other hand, recent studies have shown that for every dollar in US outsourcing created value of 78 cents whereas for the foreign country the val ue was 22 cents.This positive side is reinforced by the fact that offshoring contributed to the economic development of underdeveloped countries. In addition, it has been argued that professionals in countries such as India exhibit a high level of professionalism and education than their counterparts in Western countries.Offshoring has also certain problems i.e. the difference in cultures and communication problems. However, it can act as a talent pool to countries engaged in offshoring (Haag and Cooper 2006).

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights Introduction The purpose of litigation at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), is to examine alleged violations and ensure that States Parties comply with their obligations under the Convention, providing individual applicants with effective remedies and just satisfaction under Articles 13 and 41 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The wider objective is to protect and embed locally the three CoE foundation stones; liberal pluralist democracy, human rights and the rule of law to effect structural and institutional change and create a common democratic and legal area throughout the whole of the continent. Yet comprised of 47 member states and 811 million citizens, the CoE inhabits a fundamentally different territorial scope to that in May 1949. Originally a social and ideological counterpart to NATO, it has undergone a central shift in its core modus operandi from an interstate process of protecting the democratic identity of Member States through the medium of human rights to its emerging front line role as an arbiter of liberal human rights through the medium of individual petition. Considerable problems that threaten to undermine what has been achieved over the fifty years during which the Convention has operated lead one to ask whether there is any point taking such cases at all. This brief essay is split in two sections. Section one analyses the tripartite problem outlined within PACE Resolution 1226 (2000); the inadequate clarity and casuistical nature of Court judgements, characterised by doctrinal uncertainty in the margin of appreciation; the systemic non-implementation of judgments and failure to employ necessary reforms that would avoid further violations, with a case study of the Russian Federation; and a critique of the insufficient rigour and failure of the Committee of Ministers (CoM) to exert enough pressure when supervising the execution of judgments. Section two, explores the central debate between individual and constitutional justice; and the potential impact Protocol 14 may have on the asphyxiating6] Court and CoM. Finally I assess the accomplishments of Strasbourg litigation before returning positively to our initial question with a passionate case for individual petition against the backdrop of a tide of human rights abuse in post-communist accession Europe; the utility of the Interlaken proposals; and preservation of the Human Rights Act 1998. Section One: Problems Theoretical Fault Lines: An Unprincipled Margin The extent to which there is any point to Strasbourg litigation is determined in the first instance by the extent to which the Court can effectively balance its role as a supranational judicial guarantor of liberal individualist human rights, within the CoE framework of upholding and deferring to the thread of pluralist democracy; an intrinsically collective ideal. For McHarg, Strasbourg jurisprudence is characterised by the absence of a conceptual framework integrating a preferable rights model with a defensible conception of the public interest. Greer agrees, highlighting unresolved normative, institutional, and adjudicative questions, and the failure of the Court to deliver a concrete body of jurisprudence and constitutional authority. The result formulaic, thin decisions and un-ordered interpretive principles, at best devaluing Convention rights and at worst denying them. This dichotomy is played out through the margin of appreciation doctrine; the latitude given to States Parties based on their better position with the facts on the ground. ECHR protections are not absolute, but relative; they are subject to exceptions permitting infringement of the fundamental right or freedom, specifically defined within paragraph two of Articles 8-11; and under Article 15 (A15) can be erased altogether to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. These express definitional restrictions remind us of Bentham; this, we see, is saying nothing: it leaves the law just as free and unfettered as it found it. Strict judicial interpretation and objectivity are critical to the defence of Convention rights in the context of these exceptions. The flexibility of the margin is for Waldock advantageous to the evolutive nature of Strasbourg Jurisprudence, and for Dr Arai-Takahashi value pluralism being the fundamental prerequisite and virtue of a liberal democratic society, a set of standardised rules would devalue regional legitimacy and richness of cultural values and traditions among member states. The CoE is clear in its aim to promote awareness and encourage the development of Europes cultural identity and diversity.That Convention rights are relative is a moot point for realist theorists, since States Parties would never have been willing to be bound by the Convention in the first place without safeguarding their democratic sovereignty. Yet McHarg notes the paradox in a legal scheme which is supposed to protect the individual against the collective, sanctioning limitations to rights on collective grounds. How far in practice does the ECtHR go towards fulfilling the supervisory function it refers to in Handyside v UK (1976)? To what extent does Osts assertion that there is never an unchallengeable margin hold true? McHarg talks of doctrinal uncertainty while Jones points out that even the Courts president has acknowledged the justification to some extent of criticism of the doctrines lack of precision and use without principled standards. Fiercer critics lambast the abdication of the Courts enforcement responsibility. Dembour questions if Convention rights are so full of contradictions that they are useless? It is intrinsic to the dichotomy between international individual rights protections and the national collective interest that the margin of appreciation occupies a middle position between subjectivity and objectivity; between a burden of proof firmly on the government on one hand and on the other of wide deference to it. In Lawless v. Ireland (1961), Waldock asserted: a Governments discharge of responsibilities is a problem of appreciating complex factors and balancing conflicting considerations of the public interest; once the Court is satisfied that the appreciation is on the margin the interest the public itself has in effective Government and maintenance of order justifies and requires a decision in favour of the legality of the Governments appreciation; Simpson saw this reflecting an implicit determination to back the authorities. Dembour and Jones respective assessments of further A15 derogations demonstrate consistently deferential applications of the margin, and reluctance to objectively scrutinise the existence of an emergency or of the measures implemented to tackle it. In Greece v. United Kingdom (1958), the Commission argued that the assessment whether or not a public danger threatening the life of the nation existed is a question of appreciation; determining the validity of the repressive measures employed, the UK government enjoyed a certain discretion. Such a position is clearly evident in Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978), confirmed in Brannigan v. McBride (1993), both concerning A15 derogations of Article 5 with regard to the detention of suspects in Ireland. Several problems arise from the rationale employed in these cases. Dembour draws our attention to the absence of a factually and theoretically strict analysis impossible to justify in human rights terms. Indeed, the inevitability of a wide margin in the context of A15 derogations, led Judge Martens to assert that there is no justification for leaving a wide margin because the Court, being the last resort protector, is called upon to strictly scrutinise every derogation. Jones contends a state of emergency objectively determinable if a national government has evidence of such a situation, he asks why this is not capable of assessment by an international Court? Implementation: A pessimistic view is well founded Strasbourg jurisprudence has demonstrated the capability of the Court to robustly uphold Convention rights from major shows of arbitrariness, ensuring a degree of justice for applicants and families, international attention, accountability in relation to serious violations, and domestic legislative change. Notwithstanding the significance of such supranational decisions, analysis of the pending caseload (some 116,800 cases in October 2009), reveals a Court facing unsustainable pressure from repetitive cases concerned with structural problems in civil, criminal and administrative proceedings; serious pervasive human rights abuses; and unacceptable delays in the implementation of judgements. Implementation remains the Achilles heel of the Convention system, A brief case study of Russia underscores the gravity of the situation. It is the irony of history that the Russian Federation now occupies a key position in the very organisation established to provide European unity and security in the face of Soviet communism. Comprising 27.3% (31,850) of all pending applications at the ECtHR, the Medvedev Government faces protracted challenges in its attempts to develop civil and economic freedoms ending the legal nihilism that is seriously hindering modern development. I write following the death in Butyrka prison of Sergei Magnitsky, an anti-corruption lawyer acting for HSBC / Hermitage Capital in the $230m tax fraud case. This case and the ongoing second Khordokovsky trial are emblematic of structural defects in the Russian criminal justice system and procuratura that have lead to the accusation and incarceration of many innocent persons. Other important cases demonstrate the gravity of the situation, including Gusinskiy v Russia, Ilascu and Others v Moldova and Russia, the first six Chechen cases, Shamayev and 12 others v Russia and Georgia and Aleksanyan v Russia. Leutheusser-Schnarrenbergers recent PACE report on politically motivated abuses of the criminal justice system is a powerful indictment of the failure of the Russian Federation to entrench a meaningful institutional framework that engages with the rule of law. The report highlights a multi-layered problematic of political and hierarchical vectors of pressure on judges to secure convictions; retrogressive legislative proposals that call into questions Putins implementation of jury trial; the endemic failure to safeguard defence lawyers from coercion and realise a truly independent objective procedure for their selection and quality; serious investigative flaws; and unremitting legal nihilism. The systemic pervasive abuse of human rights in Chechnya represents perhaps the most serious Convention violations. It is here that PACE and the CoM face their most urgent challenges. Bowring draws our attention to the recent memorandum on the North Caucasus, exposing violations by security forces, including enforced disappearances, torture, extrajudicial executions; and impunity for these violations of international law; while Leach candidly outlines the scope and extent of the crisis; the first Chechen cases demonstrate the real limitations of the individual rights mechanism of the European Court as a forum for resolving wide scale, systemic and serious human rights violations. In his recent visit to Birkbeck College, Leach vividly underscored the paradoxical and lamentable and legally unsatisfactory problem of non-disclosure (ND) of domestic case files, in spite of repeated requests made by the Court. 33 of the 37 Chechen judgments have been characterised by this problem, notably Basayeva and Others v. Russia and Bitayeva and X v. Russia and Isayeva, Yusopova and Bazayeva v. Russia. The Court in Bazorkina v. Russia pointed out that documents of the criminal investigation are fundamental to the establishment of the facts and their absence may prejudice the Courts proper examination of the compliant both at the admissibility and merits stage. Chechnya aside, Leach identifies a further threefold problem of implementation vis-Ã  -vis Russia, confirmed in Pourgourides 2008 CLAHR Report; deficient judicial review over pre-trial detention, resulting in excessive periods of detention and overcrowding; the Nadzor procedure supervisory review of final judicial dec isions; and the urgent complex problem of the non-enforcement of domestic judicial decisions against the state In the context of these problems, can there be any hope for optimism? Bowring draws our attention to the often ignored historical context which has characterised Russia as part of a long and complex relationship with human rights and with the rule of law and judicial independence, which are its essential underpinning. It is in this context he argues that the ECHR, rather than an alien implantis to a large extent a restoration of the reforms of the 1860s. Ghorkova contends current legal reforms and the creation of the rule of law and a civil society with the appropriate structures and mechanisms to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as the participation in the activities of the Council of Europe, are wholly in line with Russian Interests. Behind Russias posturing is, according to Bowring a serious engagement with international law its commitment in terms of diplomatic and financial resources is substantial; and compliance with its obligations indeed, in 2007 the ECtHR heard 192 complaints against Russia. Russia won just 6 and paid in full the orders for compensation in every case. In addition, in a wider sense, Leach points out the pre-eminent position of the CoE vis-Ã  -vis Russia in view of the inability of the United Nations effectively to sanction Russia over human rights abuses, and as a result of Russian suspicion about the motives and aims of the OSCE. Entrenching the rule of law in Russia will be a slow process. However, the mechanisms for its success are at least in legislative terms visible. It is my contention that through the work of the CoE and ECtHR, the Russian Federation will make a true engagement with human rights. As we shall explore below, the right of individual petition is an essential part of this process. It is easy to dismiss the Court as having failed in its mission when confronted by the ongoing abuses of rights in Russia. Yet this depends on how one defines success. From Systemic Individual Justice to an Abstract Constitutional identity The critical mass of applications lodged coupled with systemic non implementation of Court judgements has led Wildhaber to a paradoxical observation; that the quantum leap in recognising the individual as a subject of international law, has reduced the capability of the ECtHR to ensure the safeguarding of the individual from violations of Convention rights. That the Courts well noted asphyxiation is intrinsically related to the right of individual recourse is clear. De Vries April 2009 CLAHR Report lays bare the unsustainable increase in applications, principally in the wake of post-communist accession, underscoring the urgent need to tackle obviously inadmissible cases; repetitive cases that concern established systemic defects; and to concentrate on the most important cases. The inferences drawn from these stark figures have been decisive shaping proposals to ameliorate the crisis; but moreover reveal the wider battle for the soul of the ECHR borne out of competing understandings of the Courts function. The crippling application rate is for Greer emblematic of the intrinsic failure of the CoE structure to systematically deliver individual justice; intrinsic since individual recourse is a flawed paradigm. Foremost, the Convention system was, according to Greer, simply not designed as a conduit for the fulfilment of individual human rights through the medium of individual petition, but rather the protection of democratic identity through the medium of human rights. Its contemporary utility is thus encouraging European public organisational, legal and ideological parity though articulation of an abstract constitutional model member states should then apply. Greer goes on to cast doubt over the possibility of the ability of the Convention system to deliver systematic justice to every applicant, concluding that given this individual justice becomes arbitrary. Finally, he argues that where cases are adjudicated in favour of the applicant, they are often hollow victories marked by symbolic rather than instrumental awards of just satisfaction, but beyond that little else. Consequentially he argues the urgent need to that the cases the Court does select for adjudication represent the most serious Convention compliance problems in Europe, and that they are settled with maximum authority and impact. Wildhaber agrees, the need for the Court to concentrate its efforts on decisions of principle However, for Sir Stephen Sedley, the proposal to introduce a discretion to refuse to entertain cases which are legally admissible is a counsel of despair; to do this would be to abandon the Courts crucial role, which is not that of a Supreme Court, but that of a tribunal of last resort for citizens of non-compliant states. This, he argues may be attractive to judges but is less attractive to citizens of sates which persistently or systematically fail to observe the convention. And this is less attractive still in light of the concern that amendments to the admissibility criteria will restrict the right of individuals to seek redress at the European Court, without ade quately tackling the problem of the increasing number of Convention violations across Europe. Conclusion: Why Bother? Camerons renewed pledge to repatriate the Human Rights Act (1998) (HRA) with a British bill of rights to better tailor, but also strengthen, the protection of our core rights may soon be a reality. DPP Kier Starmer has made an impassioned defence of the HRA and broad impact of Convention jurisprudence on the CPS: the common law sometimes struggles with a coherent approach to human rights; the Human Rights Act is an essential component of the framework within which everyones rights may be protected. The ECHR has shored up the right to a fair trial in the UK, the CPS underscoring the relationship between Article 6 and its work securing the fairness of trial proceedings in criminal proceedings. It was central to the development of PACE (1984), ensuring formality of interrogation and ending miscarriages of justice through uncorroborated evidence. Regina v Fulling (1987) demonstrates the efficacy of PACE safeguards against evidence collected under oppression, contrary to the ECHR; the meaning of the term (oppression) reflects the wording of Article 3. Starmer underscores the positive obligation on the state to take reasonable steps to protect potential victims from a real and immediate risk to their lives from criminal activity. When they (victims) unfortunately acquire that status, they have the right to an effective investigation. These are rights that spring from the Human Rights Act, not rights that conflict with it. Critically, they are now enforceable in court. Through the application of the ECHR, challenges may be made under Section 78 PACE as to the admissibility of the evidence obtained; and victims have the right to challenge decisions not to prosecute, particularly where they can point to poor decision-making or inappropriate consideration of irrelevant factors in that process. The HRA is central to legal certainty and transparency, and development of a modern public prosecution service prosecuting firmly and fairly, in an open, transparent and independent way; supporting victims and witnesses by enabling, encouraging and supporting their effective participation at all stages in the criminal justice process; and a commitment to respect and protect the human rights of all those affected by our decisions, whether they be victims, witnesses, suspects or defendants. Klug demonstrates the tangible protection of freedom under the Human Rights Act in sixteen important areas; freedom of association; private and family life; freedom of expression and the media; terrorism; torture; jurisdiction in Iraq; protecting the right to life; investigations into deaths; marriage; asylum seekers; disability; mental health; restraint of young people in secure training centres; sexual orientation; race; and gender. A few examples of Case law in these areas make a powerful case for Strasbourg litigation. A and others v UK (2009) held that the incarceration of suspected international terrorists under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 without charge or trial was disproportionate and discriminated on the ground of nationality or immigration status. In R (H) v Mental Health Review Tribunal, the rights of those detained under the Mental Health Act (1983) were bolstered by the shifting burden of proof for continued detention onto the health authority. Prisoners rights have been enhanced, including the granting of voting rights in Goldberg and Others v. Minister of Prisons (1979); the freedom from censorship of correspondence, in Silver and Others v. UK (1980); and changes to cell policies following the racist murder of a prisoner in R (Amin) v SSHD (2003). R (Baiai) v SSHD (2008) was important ensuring the sacrosanct right to marry under Article 12 was free from discrimination on the grounds of immigration status. Leach, in his recent visit to Birkbeck College drew attention to the heart-rending fact finding missions in Anchora in the early 1990s, highlighting serious pervasive violations of the Kurdish minority in South East Turkey. The deplorable case of Aydin v. Turkey (2005) is emblematic of the effect of individual petition and its fundamental importance to the effective protection of the substantive rights and freedoms provided for in the Convention. It is perhaps through this significant programme of litigation, setting key standards in violations of Articles 2, 3 and 5, and delivering access to justice to those most vulnerable and marginalised members of society that the true point of litigation in Strasbourg is made. For those in the North Caucuses, 2009 has been a frightful year, symbolised by the death in Grozny in July of Natalia Estimirova, followed a month later by Zarema Sadulayeva and Alik Dzhabrailov. Through the delivery of constitutional justice those most vulnerable people whose voices so desperately need to be heard will be cut off from the most advanced international system for protecting civil and political liberties. Barkhuysen and Emmerick contend that the Courts constitutional legitimacy and moral authority are derived through providing legal protection to individuals by breaking the State Partys sovereignty. This unique achievement, unprecedented in international must be defended. It is here that the point of Strasbourg litigation is to be found.

Monday, January 20, 2020

The Status of Africa :: Politics Economics Geography African Essays

On October 7 1999, Arizona Daily Wildcat published a remarkable article by Lora Mackel, a history Junior in the University of Arizona. In the article, Mackel expressed her views about the current state of the African continent as follows: We have all seen the images before: Children with bloated bellies, rebels with assault weaponry, shanty towns that spread as far as the camera can pan. These images reflect our own modern conceptions of Africa, for it seems that these wretched conditions and the continent itself are permanently linked. (4) Mackel’s article reminded this writer of a little anecdote told by a fellow countryman of mine named Kagiso, who is from northern Botswana and is currently studying in Alabama. Apparently, one of his American classmates innocently asked him how he had escaped from the civil war going on in Africa. According to Kagiso, this particular classmate of his has this notion that Africa is just one big country. Although it was easy for my countryman, Kagiso, to dismiss his classmate’s question as emanating from an individual on the lower side of the I.Q. scale, the point is that it connects to Mackel’s views and summarizes the perceptions of some Americans about Africa. Their perception is that the whole African continent is a basket case. On the other hand, there are some Americans who – unlike some of their countryman – may not dismiss Africa entirely out of hand. Such Americans may hold the view that Africa is a serious cause for concern. Once in a while , a sympathetic soul who holds the latter view more strongly may arise. Unfortunately, most of the time, such people feel so sorry for Africa that they end up being apologists for the African continent, never mind the fact that the continent is home to 61 countries with varying economic successes (â€Å"Atlas† 122). The generalized descriptions of Africa by writers such as Mackel fail dismally to present a true image of the continent. Africa’s critics may single out the political instability prevalent in some African countries as a cause for their dismissal of Africa. These critics may use Rwanda to plead their case. In 1994, approximately 250,000 Rwandans crossed into neighboring Tanzania as refugees. This was after their village leaders forced them out just because they belonged to a different ethnic group (Shawcross 4). It is easy for Africa’s critics to gloat over these reports. However, one need not be reminded that political strife is not uncommon in this day and age.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

The Term E Health Health And Social Care Essay

We can go about anyplace in the universe and happen a machine that will distribute local currency, taking the money from our place history with the usage of a bank card. Yet, when we go from a primary attention doctor to a specializer in our place town, we must get down from the beginning, supplying the new physician ‘s office with all our medical information, frequently by finishing paper signifiers. If we were going abroad and needed entree to our wellness information, we would confront troubles. Fiscal establishments have for old ages developed and used criterions for the electronic exchange of fiscal information, but medical specialty has lagged far behind in the electronic exchange of medical information [ 1 ] . Health concerns all of us. Information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) are progressively supplying us with the tools and cognition that we need to better wellness attention, enabling solutions that benefit patients every bit good as health care professionals and establishments in both the private and public sectors worldwide [ 2 ] . As patients interact with increasing Numberss of clinicians and infirmaries, it seems sensible to anticipate their wellness attention informations to follow them. In catastrophes such as hurricanes or fires, paper records may be lost everlastingly [ 1 ] . In big infirmaries, these records may be unavailable because they are stored in the clinic or concern office when the patient comes into the exigency room. Access to records is limited to one individual at a clip, and such entree must be on site. paper records may necessitate a big country for storage. It may miss comprehensive medical information refering the history of intervention given by separate health care suppliers, Fortunately, electronic wellness records are bit by bit going a world [ 3,4 ] . The term â€Å" e-health † , coined in the latter portion of the 20th century. It is mentioning to all digital health-related information. It covers, merchandises, such as devices to guarantee the changeless monitoring of blood force per unit area in patients, systems, such as computer-assisted surgery systems, and services, such as: operating surgical, computer-assisted prescription services, and information services for patients and consumers, including single electronic wellness records [ 2 ] . There is a strong belief that wellness IT will ensue in important betterments in patients'health every bit good as the wellness attention system [ 5 ] . Many people use the footings electronic medical record ( EMR ) and electronic wellness record ( EHR ) interchangeably. However, these footings describe wholly different constructs, both of which are to better patient safety, better the quality and efficiency of patient attention, and cut down health care bringing costs [ 6 ] . An electronic medical record ( EMR ) is more than an electronic version of the paper-based record. It is a computer-based system for pull offing and presenting informations required for patient attention. It offers many maps, such as an incorporate position of patient informations, clinical determination support, clinician order entry, integrated communications support, and entree to knowledge resources. The EMR should interface to other systems, such as charge, pharmaceutics, radiology, programming, and pattern direction [ 3 ] . An electronic wellness record ( EHR ) means a depository of patient informations in digital signifier, stored and exchanged firmly, a nd accessible by multiple authorised users. It includes information sing patient demands during episodes of attention provided by different wellness attention professionals. The EHR is used by different wellness attention professionals and besides by administrative staff. Among the assorted wellness attention professionals who use different constituents of the EHR are doctors, nurses, radiotherapists, druggists, research lab technicians and radiographers. Furthermore, EHRs are besides used by patients or their parents [ 12 ] . The precursor to the EHR is the paper-based patient-centred medical record that was pioneered in the early twentieth century [ 4 ] . In 1907, the Mayo Clinic pioneered the construct of one separate file for each patient, making the patient-centered medical record. In the sixtiess, Lawrence Weed, MD, introduced the problem-oriented medical record in order to supply standardisation of patient records [ 3 ] . In 1968, G. Octo Barnett, MD, developed the early EMR systems, it was Computer-Stored Ambulatory Record [ 3 ] . In 1972, The Department of Family Medicine at the University of South Carolina was one of the first known organisations to develop and utilize an EMR [ 7 ] . Carcinero, et Al. dei ¬?ne the ideal clinical record as the sum sum of an person ‘s clinical history available to any healthcare professional responsible for that individual ‘s care. [ 4 ] . In 1996, the Chief Information Office of the Veterans Administration introduced Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture. It is a national EMR system built on a client-server architecture, which ties together work Stationss and personal computing machines with graphical user interfaces at Veterans Health Administration installations [ 3 ] . In 2007, Hollingworth et al. , found that utilizing EMRs for ordering does non interrupt clinical work flow, and enhances safety and quality of attention for the patient [ 7 ] . In 2009, McCullough and Parente, found little but positive effects of EMR on patient safety [ 5 ] . The cost of a system in which suppliers of wellness attention to inveterate ill people operate in disconnected silos where one physician frequently does non cognize what another has tested for and prescribed, sometimes even when they are members of the same attention squad. This deficiency of information-sharing and coordination: More than 50 % of physicians do non follow best pattern guidelines ; Between 30 and 50 % of patients with chronic disease are hospitalized because of unequal attention direction. Information engineering, through sharing cognition among the attention squad can do a difference. These results are non hard to accomplish [ 13 ] . Because of that, we need to incorporate electronic wellness attention records ( EHRs ) . This is motivated by a desire to incorporate complex health care information systems with a position to bettering procedure and service optimisation [ 4 ] . In 2004, President Bush announced a federal enterprise for all wellness attention systems to passage from paper-based informations direction to electronic-based informations direction [ 7 ] The function of electronic health care record in incorporate wellness attention by enabling clinical information sharing and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows between health care organic structures, supplying a individual lifelong record centered on the patient that allows easy collection of information from separate episodes of attention from different establishments, leting information to be presented in ways relevant to immediate clinical demands, easing proficient steps that cut down mistakes by extinguishing manual procedures and leting connexions to other clinical information systems and media depositories such as electronic prescriptions and clinical guideline systems [ 4 ] . Harmonizing to Armitage et al. , an integrated bringing system ( IDS ) provides a agency to construct a more effectual and efficient wellness attention system that takes a patient-centered focal point and better meets the demands of the populations served. The construct of the IDS emerged in the wellness attention industry in the 1990s in response to the quickly altering environment [ 8 ] . In February 2003, Kaiser announced programs for a new records system, Kaiser Permanente is the most well-known illustration of a to the full integrated bringing system. Kaiser Permanente operates in nine provinces, including Washington, DC, and has about 9 million members, 14,000 physicians and 160,000 employees. It will incorporate patients'clinical medical records with assignment programming, enrollment, and charging systems across all of Kaiser ‘s parts. When the system is complete it will supply the ability for Kaiser doctors to hold instant entree to patients ‘ medical records ; e -messaging capableness ; computerized order entry ; e-prescribing ; and intervention guidelines. [ 8, 10, 11 ] Harmonizing to Shih, there are four theoretical accounts of integrating: multispecialty group pattern ( MSGP ) with a wellness program, an IDS or MSGP single-entity bringing system that does non have a wellness program, theoretical account which involves private webs of independent suppliers that portion and co-ordinate services, theoretical account which includes authorities facilitated webs of independent suppliers on both the province and local degrees [ 8 ] . Electronic wellness information systems are critical to supplying integrated attention. One of the major constituents of an integrated bringing system ( IDS ) is a wellness information system that can roll up patient-level informations through an electronic wellness record ( EHR ) and aggregative informations to system broad degree for rating. Harmonizing to Hillestad et al. , effectual acceptance of EHRs can take to major cost nest eggs, cut down medical mistakes and better wellness [ 8 ] . There are multiple benefits to implementing EHRs, efficiency of wellness services bringing ; clip nest eggs for all wellness professionals and patients by and large ; cost nest eggs ; fewer clinical and medical mistakes associated with inadequate or uncomplete information ; improved patient safety ; improved quality of attention ; betterments in public wellness [ 9 ] . Harmonizing to Hillestad et al. , other benefits of EHRs include: Integration of evidence-based recommendations for preventative services, such as testing tests, with patient informations ( age, sex and household history ) to place specific services for each patient, Increased patient conformity with preventative attention recommendations, such as when EHR systems remind doctors of everyday visits and attention, Enhanced disease direction, Increased communicating between multiple specializers for higher-risk patients [ 8 ] . Despite the benefits of implementing EHRs, there are barriers to uptake like: Doctor and nurse reserve due to: fright of break to pattern work flows ; clip required for developing staff ; concerns about interoperability ; fright of losing professional liberty ; concern about stiff inflexibleness of documenting with EHRs ; Comfort-level, accomplishment and experience with paper-based records. Harmonizing to Crossen and Tollen, barriers to organizing integrated wellness attention systems fall into six classs: Legal and regulative, Governance, Operational, Cultural, Academic medical centre particular and Safety cyberspace specific [ 9 ] . Harmonizing to Hillestad, merely 20 to 25 per centum of all infirmaries have adopted EHRs. Lack of acceptance can be attributed to high costs, deficiency of enfranchisement and standardisation, and concerns about privateness. EHR deployment faces multiple barriers, which frequently hinder EHRs from making their full potency [ 8,9 ] The complications in incorporating the usage of EHRs within and between healthcare suppliers will go on to be disputing. EHR integrating schemes are less good developed and, in many instances, constrained by the moderating factors that are characteristic of the health care sector. The challenges of EHR acceptance, integrating and assimilation are hence legion. Technical challenges include, for illustration: trouble in aggregating bing patient information [ 4 ] . This is an overview about Electronic wellness record system. This position showed that there are benefits and restrictions in the field of integrating between electronic wellness records since some of the bing system have restriction while some of them are non deployed yet. There for, there is an pressing demand to plan and deploy an integrating electronic wellness records system.