A Longitudinal Analysis Of Diet Quality Scores - 981 Words

Sà ¡nchez-Villegas, Almudena et al. A Longitudinal Analysis Of Diet Quality Scores And The Risk Of Incident Depression In The SUN Project. BMC Medicine 13.1 (2015): n. pag. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. Recent research has found that depression may be linked to our diets and nutritional intakes through the food we eat. This study compared 3 different diets: the Mediterranean diet, the Pro-vegetarian Dietary Pattern and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 in their research and found that diets with more seeds, nuts, fruits and vegetables seems to be correspondent with a positive mind, where are excessive sugar and processed meat in one’s diet showed more signs of depression. This belief goes hand in hand with Traditional Chinese Medicine where it is believed that what the body takes in not only effects the body but also the mind. Beinfield, Harriet, and Efrem Korngold. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Chinese Medicine: How It Works. Healthy.net. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. Traditional Chinese Medicine has been around for over twenty-three centuries and is based on a very traditional belief of yin and yang, where everything is balanced. In this type of medicine it is believed that illnesses, injuries, pain, etc. are caused by an imbalance of some sort. For diagnoses the outer body reflects the inner body therefore Chinese medicine practitioners will look at certain parts of the outer body to find what is wrong in the inner body. Practitioners also take into consideration ones diet,Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Association Between Intake Of Different Types Of Beverages And Obesity Outcomes1301 Words   |  6 PagesIn this study, we conducted multivariate linear regression analysis to examine the association between intake of different types of beverages and obesity outcomes in children and adults. We found out that, SSB intake in both children and adults had the significant contribution to obesity outcomes. This positive association is consistent with p revious studies reporting a strong positive dose-response relationship between intake of SSB and adiposity among Australian and Danish children (12, 21), andRead MoreCross Sectional Study In Health1273 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine the risk factors of CVD among governmental employees in Bahrain and raise awareness about the importance of developing appropriate preventative policies and measures; to decrease the preventable risky behaviors such as â€Å"tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol† leading to CVD (AL-Nooh et al., 2014). Methods The study was cross sectional and had a total of 1139 participants who worked in a governmental office. Furthermore, cardiac patients and pregnant womenRead MoreThe Frequency of Social and Intellectual Activities Within Young Adults and Their Influences on Cognitive Functioning1759 Words   |  7 Pagesto assess their memory, reasoning, planning and concentration. A self-reported questionnaire will also be administered to measure their social and intellectual engagement. This research is very important as it could provide a better well-being and quality of life for young adults. The knowledge of these associations also helps promote more successful and healthy cognitive ageing. â€Æ' RESEARCH BACKGROUND By 2035, those aged 65 and over are estimated to outnumber those under the age of 16 by almostRead MoreTri-Component Attitude Model1148 Words   |  5 Pages Attitudinal Attitudinal Processing CentralCentral-Route Processing (High-Effort): (High– Object attitudes are based on conscious and elaborate analysis. – Results in strong, easily accessible, and confidently held attitudes. PeripheralPeripheral-Route Processing (Low-Effort): (Low– Object attitudes are not based on an elaborate analysis, rather a low effort assessment. – Consumer attitudes can be more easily changed. Central Processing: Thoughts and Attitudes Cognitive CognitiveRead MoreFast Food Has A High Energy Density And Low Nutrient Profile1554 Words   |  7 Pagesand 94th percentiles indicates overweight, while a percentile equal to or greater than 95th diagnoses obesity. Environmental and behavioral determinants are associated with psychosocial and health complications among children and adolescents; Healthy diet, family-based intervention, and physical activity are methods of prevention and treatment that should be implemented as early as infancy. The risk for childhood obesity begins as early as prenatal exposure, is influenced by parental weight, and continuesRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep On Hemoglobin Glucose Levels Among Children And Teens1287 Words   |  6 Pagesdiabetes earlier. The rate of type II diabetes in the U.S.A increased by 217% in the 0-44 year old age group between 1990 and 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Several factors increase the risk of developing type II diabetes, including diet, exercise, genetics, and sleep. Less knowingly, prolonged lack of sleep severely damages humans’ health. Sleep and one’s circadian rhythm contribute to maintaining blood glucose homeostasis (ACAM). Through this experiment, we will study the effectRead MoreAnalysis Of Leventhal s Model Of Self Regulation1949 Words   |  8 Pagesillness, for instance quality of life. A large study of 1785 adults in primary care found that patients’ illness perceptions could predict self-reported health st atus up to two years after the initial medical consultation (Frostholm et al. 2007). Patients were assessed based on the Illness Perception Questionnaire. Furthermore, baseline illness perceptions formed of a long time frame, severe consequences and pessimistic emotional responses particularly translated to worse quality of life both at 12Read MoreIt has been suggested that one way in which low SES affects health and blood pressure of blacks is2100 Words   |  9 Pagesdisease, while those who consume diets high in trans fat or refined sugars and sugary beverages are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and hypertension (Ver Ploeg et al. 2009). According to several health organizations, including the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (Chobanian et al. 2003) and the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks (ISHIB) (Douglas et al. 2003), diets such as the Dietary ApproachesRead MoreBody Sat isfaction Is Defined As An Individual s Perception Of The Body Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pages However, the changes in puberty may also lead to anxiety associating with different parts of the body (e.g an individual will not feel comfortable about the growth of facial hair or their size of their body parts) (Davies Furnham, 1986). This analysis on individuals’ body satisfaction has become an important area to examine in personality research nowadays. The current study’s concern of body satisfaction is the conceptualization of personality traits, which can be analysed by its relationshipRead MoreSample Lit Review on Hypertension11736 Words   |  47 Pageshypertension and hyperlipidaemia and their relation to risk factors including age, gender, genetics, diet and weight, alcohol, smoking, lack of activity and co-morbidity. It also examines mediating factors including economic factors, stress/personality, medications, lifestyle modifications and complementary therapies including foot reflexology and foot massage. Finally, it reviews outcomes (quality of life) including physiological, psychological and socioeconomic changes. 2.1 Background to the literature

Design Elements And Principles Of Art - 1173 Words

This simple but intricate piece of art can be found on the walls of the second floor in the CFA. Although the fan is fairly small and often times over looked, when examined, its fine detail gives it character. This paper will address all aspects of design elements and principles. In addition provide information about the artist and how their background influenced the art, and choice of design. Line, Dimension, and Quality The first thing that can be noticed about this piece of art work is the accordion (the span of a fan when completely unfolded). Most hand held fans are known to have the opening with of at the most 180 degrees, with some form of fabric or string holding each leaf (the individual slices of a fan) together. However what made this fan different from other generic fans is that it was folded. This implies that the artist spent time folding the paper back and forth with delicacy and focus. The folds also tell me about dimension. Even though the fan was stretched out it was clear that the fan folded where the creases were. I could tell that the hinges (where two leaves meet) are not very far apart, which means if the fan was to be closed, it would be very thick. Ironically the image painted on the fan, and the fan as a whole has some characteristic that would fall into one of the four categories of shape. The most prominent would be natural and no-objective. The artist clearly communicates the scenery of nature. The scenery illustrated on the fan is a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Seven Principles Of Art1012 Words   |  5 Pagesand understanding of the seven principles of art. â€Å"The principal of art are the guidelines or the organizing factors in the visual arts that help artists to create designs and control how viewers likely react to art images and objects.† The topics that are included in this chapter are unity and variety; proportion; balance; emphasis; pattern and repetition; rhythm and movement. All of these topics demonstrates how they tie in with one another to create a piece of art. To elaborate more on the topicsRead MorePrinciples Of Art : Claude Monet1183 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of art. He tirelessly painted the same series of works, only with minor changes related to the amount of light and the type of weather. In terms of themes, Monet would paint outdoor scenes while bearing in mind the effects of atmosphere, time of day, and season upon color and light. For many of his works, a person will find that Monet experiments with the color spectrum, demonstrating how the shades of the same color affect the human eye. 2. How is this artist employing the Principles of OrganizationRead MoreA Portrait Of Rostam Khan Zand1182 Words   |  5 PagesPersian period. This oil painting represents Sadiq’s art style, and it also affects to royal Qajar portraiture. (http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/arts-of-the-islamic-world-l13223/lot.99.html). This piece of painting original location is Royal Persian Painting, the Qajar Epoch from 1795 to 1925, then it was exhibited at Brooklyn Museum of Art on October 23, 1998 to January 24, 1999, and now it is located in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston in 2015. The piece is oil painting on canvasRead MoreAnalysis of the Painting Great Detonators by Acamonchi830 Words   |  3 PagesContemporary art is the art created in the present time. Today, artists affected by the social context and personal experiences reproduce pieces of art that question or make a point about controversial issues in our society. A great example is the painting created in 2006 called Great Detonators (â€Å"Grandes Detonadores†) by the Mexican artist Acamonchi. The painting is located in the exhibition The Very large Array: San Diego/ Tijuana Artist in the Peter C. Farrell Gallery inside the Museum of ContemporaryRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai1732 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to extend the series to 46 pieces. The original piece was created around 1830 and was published in 1832 by Nishimuraya Yohachi. Within this paper, I will be discussing the analysis of this print while connecting my findings to the elements and principles of design. The lines within this print are dynamic and static. Dynamic lines are lines that flow smoothly, they are appealing to the viewer’s eyes and our eyes automatically follow these lines. The dynamic lines within this print are the curvedRead MoreInterior designers Vision1015 Words   |  5 Pagesgive your views on this sentence: ‘As designers we learn from everything we look at provided that our vision is clear and perceptive.’ Is this vision confined to interior design only, or may it be applied to anything? S. Hayward - February 2012 ï ¿ ¼ A clear and perceptive vision is not in my belief confined to interior design, it can be found in many fields. An experienced and well trained practitioner will need a clear and perceptive vision to manage many situations that require a creative applicationRead MoreMaster Was An Italian Artist858 Words   |  4 Pagesilluminated rule of Saint Benedict in Oxford at the Bodleian Library. He is known as an artist that create figured that are both elegant and emotionally impressive. These kinds of art was made during the Gothic period that marks a transition from medieval to Renaissance. It was the time when churches had religious disputes. Gothic art in Italy transitioned in to the Renaissance. The Gothic period was strongly influenced by the Dominican and Franciscan monks. The Renaissance brought contemporary reality ofRead MoreThe Artist Zaha Mohammad Hadid1065 Words   |  5 Pagesmediums that she used for building are such as Glass, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, GRG (glass reinforced gypsum), and Terrazzo (â€Å"Galaxy Soho,† 2012). Zaha Hadid’s style is organic, contemporary and innovative. She founded an international architecture and design called Zaha Hadid Architects. Their studio is located in 10 Bowling Green Lane, London, United Kingdom. Mainly, designing and architecting unique and spectacular buildings are the major work that she and her employees are working on the daily basicRead MoreArt, Art And Art915 Words   |  4 PagesArt, one of the most important ways for individuals to express their thoughts and feelings about things. Painting is one of the many artistic forms used to communicate the aforementioned. Paintings are often displayed at museums or art galleries in order to allow people to admire them and analyze their meaning. A painting that is displayed at the Albright-Knox art gallery in Buffalo, New York is La Vie Paysanne. French-Russian artist, Marc Chagall, painted La Vie Paysanne in the year 1925. InRead MoreThe Art Of Islamic Art1548 Words   |  7 Pages Islamic art is based upon the themes of unity, logic and order. It is grounded on philosophies of geometry, symbolism and a reflection of the doctrine between the physical and spiritual world. Bourgoin (1868) saw Islamic art as a similarity between geometrical schemes and crystal systems of certain minerals. He believed that Islamic art did not comprise of any ‘natural’ object, but rather it is an arrangement of ‘pure abstract forms’. Furthermore, Bourgoin understood the aesthetic of Islamic

Instructional Methodology Picture Exchange Communication...

Instructional Methodology Picture Exchange Communication System is one of the most effective strategies to improve communication skills in children with ASD. It involves skills and activities that lead to independence and that involve powerful motivation that drives learning. The skills learned are immediately useful and will continue to be useful in many different settings. PECS is an approach that teaches early communication skills using pictures. The child hands a picture to the adult and hands it to the adult. The adult, in turns, gives the child the item. For example, a child would give a picture of a banana to an adult; the adult would give the child an actual banana. PECS helps a child more easily get what they want instead of crying or acting out their frustrations. As has been shown in children with ASD, material reinforcers are more powerful than social rewards. PECS helps children with ASD learn to approach adults and peers in socially appropriate ways. As the therapy goes on, the child can develop whole sentences. For example, a child could choose a picture symbolizing â€Å"I want† (words are also included) and â€Å"outside† mean that the child wants to go outside. The therapist will model the words and, in many instances, the child will verbally imitate the therapist. As mandated under the Assistive Technology Act of 1998 which is embedded in IDEA, â€Å"assistive technology means any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, off the shelf,Show MoreRelatedHow Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Pecs ) Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesSPA 3472 November 1, 2016 Using Pictures to Communicate There are many different obstacles autism spectrum individuals have to overcome in their daily lives; social insecurities, eye contact, appropriate spatial awareness etc. But in most cases, their biggest hurdle is mostly their communication skills; it’s been shown that communication impairment is at the heart of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and that children with ASD can show a wide range of communication skills as discussed by Agius andRead MoreAction Research for Schools1323 Words   |  5 Pagesunder 1. Action research is based on scientific inquiry; 2. Study or examine a local issue; 3. Action research focuses on problems that are of immediate concern; 4. It involves practical problem solving approach; 5. It is seeking to understand social systems and the process of change within them; 6. Designed and conducted by practitioners; 7. Collect data, analyze, and make decisions; 8. Change practice based on the data; 9. Share with colleagues. Objectives of Action Research †¢ To improve school environmentRead MoreThe Influence of Instructional Facilities on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Sapele Local Government Area of Delta State11042 Words   |  45 Pages Instructional facilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦15 The importance of instructional facilities in teaching and learning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27 Importance of resources availability in secondary schools †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..33 Academic performance concepts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦46 Importance of resources to the concept of academic performances†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....................51 Appraisal of literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.53 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ResearchRead MoreThe Verbal Behaviour ( Vb ) Approach1755 Words   |  8 Pagesreinforce effectiveness/ value) (Lesson 5, ppt, Slide- 8). And therefore utilizes six variables as an integral part of the teaching procedure that include Errorless teaching, Most-to-least Prompts, Variable Ratio of Reinforcement, Mix and Vary instructional Demands, Intersperse Easy and Hard Demands and lastly Fluency , using discrete trail teaching as well as Natural Environment Teaching for carrying out effective and efficient teaching ( Lesson 5, ppt, Slide-15) This chart representation will helpRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching and Audio-Lingual Method3681 Words   |  15 Pages† The Audio-Lingual Method, or the Army Method, is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement—correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback. Historically, CLT has been seen as a response to the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM). Relation between CommunicativeRead MoreDevelopment Of English Language Teaching2725 Words   |  11 Pages Great attention has been paid to the development of English Language Teaching (ELT) in China in the last few decades since English plays an increasingly important role in social, cultural and technical exchanges between China and the rest of the world (Jin Cortazzi, 2002; Wu, 2001; Qin, 1999). The year 2000 has witnessed an innovation in ELT for the emphasis started being put on the quality rather than the quantity of education and then ELT was expended to primary education in 2001 (Wang, 2006;Read MoreCommunicative Language Teaching15330 Words   |  62 PagesProcess-Based CLT Approaches – Content-Based Instruction and Task-Based Instruction 27 Product-Based CLT Approaches – Text-Based Instruction and Competency-Based Instruction 36 Conclusions References 45 46 Introduction The ever-growing need for good communication skills in English has created a huge demand for English teaching around the world. Millions of people today want to improve their command of English or to ensure that their children achieve a good command of English. And opportunities to learnRead MoreConstruction Of A Project Manager Essay2719 Words   |  11 Pagesdraftsmen, engineers, purchasers, estimators and surveyors before development work begins. ïÆ'Ëœ Arranging ahead to anticipate issues on location before they happen, for instance, arranging the conveyance and capacity of gear and materials. ïÆ'Ëœ Building up the system of work and technique for making the project happen. ïÆ'Ëœ Making safety inspections of the site when work is underway and ensuring regulations relating to health, safety and the environment (HSE) are safe. ïÆ'Ëœ Utilizing construction software bundles toRead MoreMission Statement For A Educational Leader7071 Words   |  29 PagesAccording to Tucker and Codding, â€Å" They advocate building a standards-based instructional system, creating a results-oriented culture devoted to continuous improvement, and making the institution and the people in it accountable for reaching the goals set by the standard.† The leader must ensure that the school is safe and orderly allowing the students to focus on their instructional goals. The school must also have open communication with parents. Teaching and learning must include the parents to be successfulRead MoreForeign and Local Related Literature6642 Words   |  27 Pagesit and share it with others. In this context, eLearning is becoming an important tool to support the learning system to achieve its goals. ELearning became hot topic in the 1990’s after the spread of the internet. Although it has a relative short history, it is becoming an important part of learning. The majority of the universities adopted some kinds of eLearning within its learning system. Generally, the internet is new media, it has been spread in 1990’s furthermore, the E-learning is very

Hypothesis Testing free essay sample

Introduction The data for the first test to be conducted by our group consists of the prices of residential properties in various locations. The locations are Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. The values of the samples are all represented in Canadian Dollars. The data taken are based on the residential property prices on January 8th 2012. Our group will execute a test to determine if there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. Furthermore, if the tests conclude that there is a difference in mean prices, our group will indicate where the prices are higher or lower. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group has chosen to conduct a one way Analysis of Variance F test (one-way ANOVA F-test). A one-way ANOVA F-test is appropriate in this example since it is a hypothesis technique that is used to compare means from three or more populations. Since the data set reflects the mean prices of residential properties in Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal, a one way ANOVA F-test is sufficient. By having at least three samples in the data, our group has eliminated the idea of testing the claim by using different tests, such as a â€Å"two sample T-test†, a â€Å"paired sample T-test† or a â€Å"two sample Z test. † In order for a one way Analysis of Variance F test to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) Each sample must be selected from a normal, or approximately normal, population. (2) The samples must be independent and randomly selected. (3) Each population must have the same variance. Looking at the conditions stated above, all the samples provided by the Toronto Real Estate Board reflect data from that are randomly selected, which are independent of each other. That is, there is no correlation between the sample groups. Our group has constructed three box plots to test the normality of the sample values, one for each location. Similar to a t test, the F test is fairly non-sensitive to slight departure from normality. Since the box plots do not indicate extreme differences from a normal distribution, we can assume that the samples are selected from a normal population. The third condition states that the variances of the sample groups are equal. Therefore, our group will conduct a Levene’s Test for Homogeneity of Variance using SPSS program to test whether the data set satisfies the third assumption. Results from Levene Test Null Hypothesis:? 12 = ? 22 = ? 32 Alternative Hypothesis:? 12, ? 22, ? 32are not all equal *Ho for this instance is the claim, since Ho is a statement of equality ?12 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in Toronto, ? 22 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in San Francisco and ? 32 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in Montreal. (? =0. 05) Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – Oneway DataSet 1\residential sales. sav) found on the first table – Test of Homogeneity of Variances is 0. 549. Since P-value ? ; fail to reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that all the variances of the samples provided are equal is false. All the conditions are therefore satisfied, and our group can proceed with the one way analysis of variance F test. Since all the conditions for a one way analysis of variance are satisfied, then the sampling distribution can now be approximated by the F distribution. Our group can now execute a one way Analysis of Variance F test by using a Post-Hoc Comparison Procedure to test the claim that â€Å"there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. † Null Hypothesis: µ1 =  µ2 =  µ3 Alternative Hypothesis:At least one mean is different. *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µ1 represents the mean residential property price in Toronto.  µ2 represents the mean residential property price in San Francisco, while  µ3 represents the mean residential property price in Montreal. The null hypothesis suggests that there is no difference between the means of the three samples, while the claim in the alternative hypothesis suggests that at least one mean is different. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – One Way DataSet 1\residential sales. sav) found on the second table – ANOVA is 0. 140. Since P-Value ? ; fail to reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal is true. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Part B – Difference in Lot Sizes for Residential Properties in Toronto and Vancouver Introduction The data for the second test to be conducted by our group consists of lot sizes of the residential properties that are up for sale in Toronto and Vancouver. The samples are represented in m2 (metres squared; area of the land in which the residential properties are built on). The data taken are based on the properties that are up for sale as of January 8th 2012. Our group will execute a test to determine if there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for the residential properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver, as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group has chosen to conduct a two sample T-test. A two sample T-test is appropriate in this case because of the attempt in determining the difference between two population means when the population standard deviations are unknown. Furthermore, the data given reflects independent samples. That is, the sample selected from the population in Toronto is not related to the sample from the population in Vancouver. In order for a two sample T-test for difference of means with small independent samples to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) The samples must be randomly selected. (2) The samples must be independent. (3) Each population must have a normal distribution with an unknown standard deviation. Since there is no correlation between the sample groups (Toronto and Vancouver lot sizes), a paired T-test cannot be conducted for this data set. Also, since there are exactly only two means that are being compared in the given case, and not means between three or more populations, a one-way analysis of variances test (one way ANOVA) cannot be used. Looking at the conditions stated above, the samples provided by the Toronto Real Estate Board are randomly selected and independent. By checking the normality in each of the populations, our group constructed two separate box plots for Toronto and Vancouver respectively. There is no significant evidence to conclude that both the populations are not normally distributed since the box plots resemble a normal distribution. Having the conditions satisfied, our group can proceed to execute a two sample T-test for difference of means with small independent samples in testing the claim that â€Å"there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for the residential properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver,† as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. Null Hypothesis: µ1 =  µ2 Alternative Hypothesis: µ1 ?  µ2 *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µ1 represents the mean lot size for the first population, Toronto.  µ2 represents the mean lot size for properties for sale in Vancouver. The alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between the lot sizes for the properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver. Consequently, the null hypothesis represents a statement of equality, that the lot sizes of the properties in Toronto and Vancouver are equal. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 In order to distinguish whether the variances are equal or not equal, which is significant in attempting a two sample T test for difference of means for small independent samples, our group will use the SPSS output from the Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances. Results from Levene Test Null Hypothesis:? 12 = ? 22 Alternative Hypothesis:? 12 ? ?22 *Ho for this instance is the claim, since Ho is a statement of equality ?12 represents the variance for the population of lot sizes of properties for sale in Toronto while ? 22 represents the variance for the population of lot sizes of properties in San Francisco. (? =0. 05) For the purpose of this test, the claim states that the variances of the two populations are equal, as represented by Ho Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\LotSizes. sav) found on the second table table – Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances is 0. 000. Since P-value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that the variances of the two populations are equal is false. For the purpose of the two sample T test, all results will be based on the assumption that variances are not equal. Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\LotSizes. sav) found on the third table – t-test for Equality of Means (Equal Variances not assumed) is 0. 0455. (calculated as 0. 091/2, since it is a two-tailed test) Since P-Value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for residential properties in Toronto and Vancouver is true. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Part C – Difference in Incomes: New York homebuyers vs Toronto homebuyers Introduction The data for the third test to be conducted by our group consists of family incomes in Toronto and New York. The samples are paired by the value of the homes purchased. (For example, the first pair in the data set shows the income of the household in Toronto and New York, whether the home cost $500 000, $200 000 or $750 000, etc. It is of great significance to point out that for each pair, the homes purchased in Toronto are of the same value as the homes purchased in New York. ) The data only reflects the incomes of the homebuyers in which, the values are represented in Canadian Dollars. Our group will execute a test for the purpose of distinguishing whether the incomes of families who had purchased homes in New York was significantly higher than the incomes of families from Toronto who had purchased homes of the same value. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group have chosen to conduct a paired T-test. A t-test is a statistical test that compares the means of two groups of observations. For this instance, the data are classified into the groups: family income in Toronto, and family income in New York. In order for a paired T-test to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) Samples must be randomly selected. (2) Samples must be dependent. (3) Both populations must be normally distributed. Unlike the two sample T-test for small independent samples conducted in the second data set: ‘Part B’, our group have used the paired T-test to account for the correlation between the groups; that the family incomes displayed in the data set are used under the assumption that the same value of the homes purchased are used to gather the sample in Toronto and New York. A one way ANOVA F-test cannot be used for this data set since only two means are being evaluated. A different method of valuation would be used if one of the conditions listed above are not met. For example, if the data set reflects values that are independent of each other, similar to the case in ‘Part B’, then a paired T-test cannot be used. However, in this case, the conditions stated above are met. The samples are randomly selected and as stated before, dependent variables. Assuming that the family incomes are normally distributed, a paired T-test can be used. To check for the assumption of normality in each of the two populations, our group has created a box plot for each of the sample groups. For both of the samples, there appears to be only a slight offset from normality. Therefore, the assumption that these populations are normally distributed can be assumed. Having all three conditions satisfied, our group believes that a paired T-test is the best method of valuation to distinguish, as required by the Toronto Real Estate Board whether the claim that â€Å"the incomes of families who purchased houses in New York are significantly higher than the incomes of families who purchased houses of similar value in Toronto. † Null Hypothesis: µd ? 0 Alternative Hypothesis: µd 0 *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µd represents the mean difference. The mean difference is calculated by subtracting the total  µ of the incomes of homebuyers in Toronto (off the sample) from the total  µ of the incomes of homebuyers in New York (off the sample). In the claim as stated in the alternative hypothesis, the mean difference between the data on New York and Toronto (respectively) is greater than zero. Consequently, the null hypothesis represents the mean difference between the data on New York and Toronto (respectively) is less than or equal to zero. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\incomes. sav) found on the fifth table – Paired Samples Test is 0. 00002. (calculated as 0. 00004/2) Since P-Value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the incomes of families who purchased houses in New York are significantly higher than the incomes of families who purchased houses of similar value in Toronto. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Appendix – A Data Sets Part A – Residential Property Prices, on January 8th 2012 (in Canadian Dollars) Toronto San Francisco Montreal 720001 597114 260976 250025 350000 1141734 531968 693303 150024 391546 350140 157679 253440 397924 150000 251929 684874 1021251 1181788 350000 1123663 1040350 372008 158139 259516 432300 150000 250000 1194071 237032 1299055 350073 153574 279536 920792 150160 250001 935680 150044 257339 1394330 994698 253829 350000 150000 256582 350053 167171 250002 350748 968300 509638 755749 536302 375351 1083741 170861 268679 350056 1192483 250661 365259 303747 250000 399823 497641 1281119 350045 151925 721976 786536 150000 250002 409025 150359 255660 358312 150004 665974 352342 979221 1236283 1225525 150003 250003 790511 299575 609906 350000 159163 Part B – Lot Sizes of Properties for Sale, on January 8th 2012 (in m2) Toronto Vancouver 114 117 262 129 329 120 104 118 285 128 101 159 194 212 112 222 187 114 98 129 100 116 251 197 99 123 333 116 235 137 148 115 211 175 299 118 107 117 106 127 108 104 130 102 147 Part C – Family Income Paired by Purchase Price (in Canadian Dollars) Pair Toronto New York 1 72068 124174 2 70336 68999 3 106144 113291 4 66032 38411 5 68221 75876 6 68241 106390 7 72555 83540 8 107401 131762 9 107633 121399 10 65647 60630 11 73041 100185 12 101180 158397 13 69264 77775 14 120293 127590 15 81531 99192 16 165996 179133 17 105039 123537 18 67512 80347 19 97143 129711 20 71947 92019 21 77992 77580 22 90858 107446 23 142215 203356 24 101219 128540 25 92541 122134 Appendix B – SPSS Data Output The following are printed from the SPSS program. The following tables show results from various tests conducted in an attempt to determine the validity of three separate claims, as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. The tables are arranged in accordance with the order in which the tests were conducted in, with the order being the following: (1) One way ANOVA test, containing a Test of Homogeneity of Variances and Post Hoc Comparison Method – Part A (Residential Property Price – Multiple Comparisons; Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal) (2) T-test for Equality of Means for Independent Samples, containing Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances – Part B (Lot Sizes of Properties for Sale in Toronto and Vancouver) (3) T-test for Paired Samples – Part C (Family Incomes paired by Purchase Price in Toronto and New York) *All SPSS Outputs are located in the pages following.